Kings and Conquistadors

Spains American empire began as the serendipitous outgrowth of the search for a shortcut to China. That search derived from two mid-fifteenth-century developments: the Ming Dynastys decision to adopt a silver standard for its medium of exchange and the Ottoman Turks capture of Constantinople in 1453. Chinas great demand for silver and the disruption of the Silk Road drove the need to find alternative access to China. King John II of Portugal sent explorers southward along the coast of Africa and thence to the Orient, but Ferdinand and Isabella sent Christopher Columbus westward, believing he would find a shorter route. A persistent if disorderly push by Spanish conquistadors led to the discovery of previously unknown civilizations, including the empires of the Aztecs and the Incas. The search for a short-cut to China became bound up with the seizure of the riches held by native populations. Although the conquistadors were vastly outnumbered, their superior technologysteel swords, armor, war horses, and firearmsconcomitant with diseases that accompanied them, enabled them to subdue native American peoples and confiscate their wealth. The aftermath was fraught with complications and strife. Crown- appointed governors came into conflict with the conquistadors. Distances were great, and the governors tended to place their interests over those of the King. Cortez conquered the Aztecs despite the governors attempts to prevent his campaign. Bureaucratic interference bedeviled Francisco Pizzaros campaign against the Incas, which, nonetheless, contributed more to the wealth of his country than any other conquistadors exploits. Ultimately, the vast wealth of the Americas would fuel Spain and its Empire for nearly two centuries.