Mathematical Modeling

The co-infection of tuberculosis (TB) and malaria poses significant challenges for public health, particularly in regions where both diseases are endemic. This study presents a mathematical model to elucidate the dynamics of TB and malaria co-infection, considering the influence of interference treatments and vaccination resistance. The model incorporates compartmental dynamics for susceptible, latent TB-infected, active TB-infected, malaria-exposed, symptomatic malaria-infected, co-infected, and recovered individuals. Additionally, it integrates mechanisms of interference between treatments for TB and malaria, as well as compartments representing vaccinated individuals and those resistant to vaccination.