Safety and Biological Effects in MRI

Editors Devashish Shrivastava, In Vivo Temperatures, LLC, USA J. Thomas Vaughan, Columbia University in the City of New York, USA

• ContributorsSeries PrefacePrefaceAcknowledgmentsPart A: Static and Gradient Fields1 Static and Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Their Effects in MRIs 3Zhenyu Zhang and Stuart Feltham2 Magnetic-field-induced Vertigo in the MR Environment 23Paul Glover3 Effects of Magnetic Fields and Field Gradients on Living Cells 33Jarek Wosik, Martha Villagran, Ahmed Uosef, Rafik M. Ghobrial, John H. Miller Jr., and Malgorzata Kloc4 Effect of Strong Time-varying Magnetic Field Gradients on Humans 53John Nyenhuis and David Gross5 Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Modeling for MRI 67Mathias Davids, Bastien Guérin, Lothar R. Schad, and Lawrence L. Wald6 Magnetically Induced Force and Torque on Medical Devices 87Terry O. Woods7 A Review of MRI Acoustic Noise and its Potential Impact on Patient and Worker Health 95Michael C. Steckner8 Modeling Blood Flow 119Michael Keith Sharp9 Effect of Magnetic Field on Blood Flow 133G.C. Shit and Sreeparna MajeePart B: Radiofrequency Fields10 Safety Standards for MRI 161Michael C. Steckner11 On the Choice of RF Safety Metric in MRI: Temperature, SAR, or Thermal Dose 173Devashish Shrivastava12 RF Coil and MR Safety 181J. Thomas Vaughan13 Local SAR Assessment for Multitransmit Systems: A Study on the Peak Local SAR Value as a Function of Magnetic Field Strength 195Alexander J.E. Raaijmakers and Bart R. Steensma14 Radio Frequency Safety Assessment for Open Source Pulse Sequence Programming 207Sairam Geethanath, Julie Kabil, and J. Thomas Vaughan15 RF Heating Due to a 3T Birdcage Whole-body Transmit Coil in Anesthetized Sheep 219Samat Turdumamatov, Ça˘gda¸s Oto, Oktay Algın, Hamza Ergüder, and Tahir Malas16 In Vivo Radiofrequency Heating due to 1.5, 3, and 7 T Whole-body Volume Coils 227Shuo Song, Ji Chen, Rongxing Zhang, Qiang He, J. Thomas Vaughan, and Devashish Shrivastava17 Temperature Management and Radiofrequency Heating During Pediatric MRI Scans 239Stanley Thomas Fricke, Marjean H. Cefaratti, and Andrew Matisoff18 Failure to Monitor and Maintain Thermal Comfort During an MRI Scan: A Perspective from a Thermal Physiologist Turned Patient 245Christopher J. Gordon19 MR Thermometry to Assess Heating Induced by RF Coils Used in MRI 251Henrik Odéen, John Rock Hadley, Dylan Palomino, Katelynn Stroth, and Dennis L. Parker20 Heating of RF coil 273Joseph Murphy-Boesch21 RF-Induced Heating in Bare and Covered Stainless Steel Rods: Effect of Length, Covering, and Diameter 289Sunder Rajan, Peter Serano, Joshua Guag, Tayeb Zaidi, Kyoko Fujimoto, Maria Ida Iacono, and Leonardo M. Angelone 22 On the Development of a Novel Leg Phantom for RF Safety Assessment for Circular Ring External Fixation Devices in 1.5 T 295Xing Huang and Ji Chen23 RF Safety of Active Implantable Medical Devices 311Berk Silemek, Volkan Açıkel, and Ergin Atalar24 An Analysis of Factors Influencing MRI RF Safety for Patients with AIMDs 333Jingshen Liu, Jianfeng Zheng, Qingyan Wang, and Ji Chen25 On Using Fluoroptic Thermometry to Measure Time-varying Temperatures in MRI 345Devashish Shrivastava, Mykhaylo Nosovskyy, and Charles A. Lemaire26 On Using Magnetic Resonance Thermometry to Measure ‘Strong’ Spatio-temporal Tissue Temperature Variations and Compute Thermal Dose 351Devashish Shrivastava27 The Use and Safety of Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles in MRI and MFH 361Hattie L. Ring, John C. Bischof, and Michael Garwood28 Numerical Simulation for MRI RF Coils and Safety 379Julie M. Kabil and Anand Gopinath29 Integral Equation Approach to Modeling RF Fields in Human Body in MRI Systems for Safety 399Anand Gopinath30 Safety Practices and Protocols in the MR Research Center of the Columbia University in the City of New York 407Kathleen Durkin, Dania Elder, and David H. GultekinPart C: Engineering31 History, Physics, and Design of Superconducting Magnets for MRI 423Bruce Breneman32 Fabrication of Superconducting Magnets for MRI 447Bruce Breneman33 Magnet Field Shimming and External Ferromagnetic Influences on the Homogeneity and Site Shielding of Superconducting MRI Magnets 469Bruce Breneman34 Gradient Coils 489Maxim Zaitsev, Philipp Amrein, Feng Jia, and Sebastian Littin35 RF Coil Construction for MRI 504J. Thomas Vaughan and Russell LagoreIndex 521