A Mission to Civilize

This book addresses a central but often ignored question in the history of modern France and modern colonialism: How did the Third Republic, highly regarded for its professed democratic values, allow itself to be seduced by the insidious and persistent appeal of a civilizing ideology with distinct racist overtones? By focusing on a particular group of colonial officials in a specific settingthe governors general of French West Africa from 1895 to 1930the author argues that the ideal of a special civilizing mission had a decisive impact on colonial policymaking and on the evolution of modern French republicanism generally. French ideas of civilizationsimultaneously republican, racist, and modernencouraged the governors general in the 1890s to attack such feudal African institutions as aristocratic rule and slavery in ways that referred back to Frances own experience of revolutionary change. Ironically, local administrators in the 1920s also invoked these same ideas to justify such reactionary policies as the reintroduction of forced labor, arguing that coercion, which inculcated a work ethic in the lazy African, legitimized his loss of freedom. By constantly invoking the ideas of civilization, colonial policy makers in Dakar and Paris managed to obscure the fundamental contradictions between the rights of man guaranteed in a republican democracy and the forcible acquisition of an empire that violates those rights. In probing the republican dimension of French colonization in West Africa, this book also sheds new light on the evolution of the Third Republic between 1895 and 1930. One of the authors principal arguments is that the idea of a civilized mission underwent dramatic changes, due to ideological, political, and economic transformations occurring simultaneously in France and its colonies. For example, revolts in West Africa as well as a more conservative climate in the metropole after World War I produced in the governors general a new respect for feudal chiefs, whom the French once despised but now reinstated as a means of control. This discovery of an African tradition in turn reinforced a reassertion of traditional values in France as the Third Republic struggled to recapture the world it had lost at Verdun.