Louise Mallinder is a Research Fellow in Law at Queen's University Belfast.

• Introduction Defining 'Amnesty' Controversial Nature of Amnesty Laws Amnesties, International Law and Legal Claims-making Amnesties and the Views of Victims Amnesties and Pragmatic Peacemaking Amnesties and Dealing with the Past Amnesty and Reconciliation Trends in the Introduction of Amnesty Laws Creating the Amnesty Law Database Structure and Purpose of the Book Part I Amnesties and Peacemaking: Context and Content 1 Enacting Amnesties Introduction How are Amnesty Laws Introduced? Exercises of Executive Discretion Negotiated Peace Agreements Statutes Public Consultation Why Do States Introduce Amnesty? Amnesty as a Reaction to Internal Unrest and Domestic Pressure Amnesty as a Tool for Peace and Reconciliation Amnesty as a Response to International Pressure Amnesty as a Cultural or Religious Tradition Amnesty as Reparation Amnesty as a Shield for State Agents Repeated and 'Rolling' Amnesties Conclusion 2 Whom do Amnesties Protect? The Personal Jurisdiction of Amnesty Laws Introduction Amnesties, Equality and the 'Myth of Equivalency' How have States Distinguished between Offenders with Different Allegiances? State Agents Opponents of the State Non-Violent Political Prisoners Exiles and Refugees Foreign Nationals Can an Offender's Reasons for Committing a Crime Justify an Amnesty? Ideology and Political Offenders Duress Self Protection and Personal Gain Victim-Perpetrator Axis Importance of Rank: Should States distinguish different Levels of Responsibility Amnesty for Subordinates? Amnesty for Superiors? Individual v Blanket Amnesties Can Amnesties Prevent Individuals from Proving their Innocence? Conclusion 3 Granting Immunity? The Material Scope of Amnesty Laws Introduction Which Crimes Are Granted Amnesty? Amnestying Atrocities? Can States Amnesty Crimes under International Law? Should Amnesties Treat Political Crimes Differently? Impinging on Individual Rights: Amnesties for Crimes Against Civilians and Combatants who are Hors de Combat Do States Amnesty Economic Crimes? Restricting Amnesties and the Scope of the Duty to Prosecute Conclusion 4 Towards Greater Accountability: The Role of Conditional Amnesties Introduction Which Conditions are Attached to Amnesties? Amnesty for Surrender and Disarmament Application Deadlines for Amnesties Amnesty and Repentance Amnesty and the Search for Truth Amnesty and Repairing the Harm Amnesty and Restorative Approaches to Justice Lustration and Vetting Procedures and Amnesty Enforcing Conditions and the Potential of Temporary Amnesties Conclusion Part II Approach of Courts to Amnesties 5 Implementing the Amnesty: The Approach of National Courts Introduction Trends in the Responses of National Courts to Amnesty Laws How have National Courts explained their Approach to Amnesty Laws? Legality of Amnesty Processes Under Municipal Law Legality of Amnesty Processes Under International Law Adhering to the Separation of Powers Doctrine Learning from Experiences Elsewhere Promoting Peace and Reconciliation Disclosing or Concealing the Truth Conclusion 6 International Courts and National Amnesty Laws Introduction Whom do International Courts Hold Accountable? Who has Standing? When do International Courts have Jurisdiction to Rule on National Amnesties? Potential to Create Change: How the Rulings of International Courts Can Affect National Amnesties? Amnesties and Victims' Rights: The Verdicts of the International Courts Right to a Remedy Duty to Investigate Duty to Prosecute and Punish Right to Reparations Potential Approach of the International Criminal Court Security Council Deferral (Article 16) Complementarity (Article 17) Non bis in idem (Article 20) Prosecutorial Discretion (Article 53) Conclusion 7 Beyond Territoriality: Transnational Prosecutions and Amnesties Introduction Jurisdiction of Courts in Third States to Rule on Amnesties Introduced Elsewhere Treaty Law Customary International Law Domestic Law Scope of Universal Jurisdiction within Third States Role of Subsidiarity Executive Discretion 'Nexus Requirement' and In Absentia Prosecutions Selectivity 'Ripple Effect': The Impact of Investigations in Third States on National Amnesties Conclusion Part III Views of Stakeholder Groups 8 Legal Obligations v Self-interest: The Contradictory Approach of International Actors to Amnesty Introduction What Motivates International Actors' Decisions on Involvement in Domestic Amnesty Processes? Attitudes of International Actors towards Amnesties Diplomatic Pressure Economic Pressure Legal Pressure Military Pressure Conclusion 9 Prioritising Needs: Amnesties and the Views of Victims Introduction Research on Victims Identifying Victims and their Needs How do Amnesty Laws Affect Victims? How can Amnesty Laws Be Made More Responsiv

[Mallinder]..supplies a tour de force of the international law, national law, local and customary law of amnesty. Doctrinal scholars will find much of value in the footnotes, just as empirical researchers of peacebuilding will learn much, as I did, from the juxtaposition of implications from strategic cases of a great variety of nations interwoven with the empirics of the Amnesty Law Database. I found particularly helpful the legal analysis of amnesty exclusions for those 'most responsible' for war crimes, a doctrine emerging as increasingly important internationally and nationally...The book and the database are both pathbreaking contributions that I will rely on in my future research on peacebuilding. This is sophisticated scholarship that others will also find an invaluable resource. John Braithwaite Punishment and Society Vol 11 (2) Why is it worth spending our time in reading this extraordinary essay? Mallinder has written an excellent handbook on the issue of amnesty. Indeed, she presents a comprehensive and original view of transitional justice and amnesty...We must be grateful for the excellent bibliography and for the information in the three appendices: one presents a remarkable list of anmensty processes, a second one contains much information in relation to the international court system, and the last one concerns a guide of provisions for a universal jurisdiction legislation. Juan Jesus Mora Molina The Law & Politics Book Review Vol 19 No 4, April 2009 The sheer volume of Mallinder's research onto 506 amnesty processes has to be admired. Most useful are the extensive footnotes giving literature searches and multi-lingual case studies and legislations of countries... This means that the book can be adopted on a number of different levels, such as criminology and victimology, international law or war and peace studies... This magnificent book is not just a tour de force in the study of international law but can be useful for the training of negotiators. The book provides a wealth of factual background for those who may wish to work for international voluntary organizations such as VSO, the UN or UNICEF. Ursula Smartt Criminal Law & Justice Weekly Volume 173 23 May 2009 This book is an invaluable contribution to this area of research as it analyzes the trends that can be discerned from the multitude of amnesty processes. Such examination is a critical and useful study and can provide lessons for scholars but also for states that may wish to adopt an amnesty...While studies in the past have examined amnesties from a thematic or country context the value of this research is its breadth in its examination of amnesties all around the world...This book is original. It is a substantial piece of work. It brings together a lot of information from disparate sources and clearly and systematically interprets that material. The work gives understanding to processes of law and amnesty in a multitude of settings. The breadth of materials consulted outside of the laws and cases are impressive. The bibliography stretches to 134 pages. It is a must read for everyone interested in the issues relating to transitional justice, human rights and humanitarian law as well as international and domestic criminal justice. Jeremy Sarkin Criminal Law Forum (2009) 20:389-394 an excellent and long-awaited contribution to the study of national amnesty laws and practices... The book is an essential read for those concerned with transitional justice and international criminal law. Sarah Williams British Institute of International and Comparative Law The Edinburgh Law Review Vol 13 2009 [Mallinder] illluminates a hitherto little understood area of law, relying upon a volume of international source material and using a level of empirical research seldom found in legal writing. Colin Murray International Criminal Law Review Volume 9, 2009

Louise Mallinder is a Research Fellow in Law at Queen's University Belfast.

• Introduction Defining 'Amnesty' Controversial Nature of Amnesty Laws Amnesties, International Law and Legal Claims-making Amnesties and the Views of Victims Amnesties and Pragmatic Peacemaking Amnesties and Dealing with the Past Amnesty and Reconciliation Trends in the Introduction of Amnesty Laws Creating the Amnesty Law Database Structure and Purpose of the Book Part I Amnesties and Peacemaking: Context and Content 1 Enacting Amnesties Introduction How are Amnesty Laws Introduced? Exercises of Executive Discretion Negotiated Peace Agreements Statutes Public Consultation Why Do States Introduce Amnesty? Amnesty as a Reaction to Internal Unrest and Domestic Pressure Amnesty as a Tool for Peace and Reconciliation Amnesty as a Response to International Pressure Amnesty as a Cultural or Religious Tradition Amnesty as Reparation Amnesty as a Shield for State Agents Repeated and 'Rolling' Amnesties Conclusion 2 Whom do Amnesties Protect? The Personal Jurisdiction of Amnesty Laws Introduction Amnesties, Equality and the 'Myth of Equivalency' How have States Distinguished between Offenders with Different Allegiances? State Agents Opponents of the State Non-Violent Political Prisoners Exiles and Refugees Foreign Nationals Can an Offender's Reasons for Committing a Crime Justify an Amnesty? Ideology and Political Offenders Duress Self Protection and Personal Gain Victim-Perpetrator Axis Importance of Rank: Should States distinguish different Levels of Responsibility Amnesty for Subordinates? Amnesty for Superiors? Individual v Blanket Amnesties Can Amnesties Prevent Individuals from Proving their Innocence? Conclusion 3 Granting Immunity? The Material Scope of Amnesty Laws Introduction Which Crimes Are Granted Amnesty? Amnestying Atrocities? Can States Amnesty Crimes under International Law? Should Amnesties Treat Political Crimes Differently? Impinging on Individual Rights: Amnesties for Crimes Against Civilians and Combatants who are Hors de Combat Do States Amnesty Economic Crimes? Restricting Amnesties and the Scope of the Duty to Prosecute Conclusion 4 Towards Greater Accountability: The Role of Conditional Amnesties Introduction Which Conditions are Attached to Amnesties? Amnesty for Surrender and Disarmament Application Deadlines for Amnesties Amnesty and Repentance Amnesty and the Search for Truth Amnesty and Repairing the Harm Amnesty and Restorative Approaches to Justice Lustration and Vetting Procedures and Amnesty Enforcing Conditions and the Potential of Temporary Amnesties Conclusion Part II Approach of Courts to Amnesties 5 Implementing the Amnesty: The Approach of National Courts Introduction Trends in the Responses of National Courts to Amnesty Laws How have National Courts explained their Approach to Amnesty Laws? Legality of Amnesty Processes Under Municipal Law Legality of Amnesty Processes Under International Law Adhering to the Separation of Powers Doctrine Learning from Experiences Elsewhere Promoting Peace and Reconciliation Disclosing or Concealing the Truth Conclusion 6 International Courts and National Amnesty Laws Introduction Whom do International Courts Hold Accountable? Who has Standing? When do International Courts have Jurisdiction to Rule on National Amnesties? Potential to Create Change: How the Rulings of International Courts Can Affect National Amnesties? Amnesties and Victims' Rights: The Verdicts of the International Courts Right to a Remedy Duty to Investigate Duty to Prosecute and Punish Right to Reparations Potential Approach of the International Criminal Court Security Council Deferral (Article 16) Complementarity (Article 17) Non bis in idem (Article 20) Prosecutorial Discretion (Article 53) Conclusion 7 Beyond Territoriality: Transnational Prosecutions and Amnesties Introduction Jurisdiction of Courts in Third States to Rule on Amnesties Introduced Elsewhere Treaty Law Customary International Law Domestic Law Scope of Universal Jurisdiction within Third States Role of Subsidiarity Executive Discretion 'Nexus Requirement' and In Absentia Prosecutions Selectivity 'Ripple Effect': The Impact of Investigations in Third States on National Amnesties Conclusion Part III Views of Stakeholder Groups 8 Legal Obligations v Self-interest: The Contradictory Approach of International Actors to Amnesty Introduction What Motivates International Actors' Decisions on Involvement in Domestic Amnesty Processes? Attitudes of International Actors towards Amnesties Diplomatic Pressure Economic Pressure Legal Pressure Military Pressure Conclusion 9 Prioritising Needs: Amnesties and the Views of Victims Introduction Research on Victims Identifying Victims and their Needs How do Amnesty Laws Affect Victims? How can Amnesty Laws Be Made More Responsiv

[Mallinder]..supplies a tour de force of the international law, national law, local and customary law of amnesty. Doctrinal scholars will find much of value in the footnotes, just as empirical researchers of peacebuilding will learn much, as I did, from the juxtaposition of implications from strategic cases of a great variety of nations interwoven with the empirics of the Amnesty Law Database. I found particularly helpful the legal analysis of amnesty exclusions for those 'most responsible' for war crimes, a doctrine emerging as increasingly important internationally and nationally...The book and the database are both pathbreaking contributions that I will rely on in my future research on peacebuilding. This is sophisticated scholarship that others will also find an invaluable resource. John Braithwaite Punishment and Society Vol 11 (2) Why is it worth spending our time in reading this extraordinary essay? Mallinder has written an excellent handbook on the issue of amnesty. Indeed, she presents a comprehensive and original view of transitional justice and amnesty...We must be grateful for the excellent bibliography and for the information in the three appendices: one presents a remarkable list of anmensty processes, a second one contains much information in relation to the international court system, and the last one concerns a guide of provisions for a universal jurisdiction legislation. Juan Jesus Mora Molina The Law & Politics Book Review Vol 19 No 4, April 2009 The sheer volume of Mallinder's research onto 506 amnesty processes has to be admired. Most useful are the extensive footnotes giving literature searches and multi-lingual case studies and legislations of countries... This means that the book can be adopted on a number of different levels, such as criminology and victimology, international law or war and peace studies... This magnificent book is not just a tour de force in the study of international law but can be useful for the training of negotiators. The book provides a wealth of factual background for those who may wish to work for international voluntary organizations such as VSO, the UN or UNICEF. Ursula Smartt Criminal Law & Justice Weekly Volume 173 23 May 2009 This book is an invaluable contribution to this area of research as it analyzes the trends that can be discerned from the multitude of amnesty processes. Such examination is a critical and useful study and can provide lessons for scholars but also for states that may wish to adopt an amnesty...While studies in the past have examined amnesties from a thematic or country context the value of this research is its breadth in its examination of amnesties all around the world...This book is original. It is a substantial piece of work. It brings together a lot of information from disparate sources and clearly and systematically interprets that material. The work gives understanding to processes of law and amnesty in a multitude of settings. The breadth of materials consulted outside of the laws and cases are impressive. The bibliography stretches to 134 pages. It is a must read for everyone interested in the issues relating to transitional justice, human rights and humanitarian law as well as international and domestic criminal justice. Jeremy Sarkin Criminal Law Forum (2009) 20:389-394 an excellent and long-awaited contribution to the study of national amnesty laws and practices... The book is an essential read for those concerned with transitional justice and international criminal law. Sarah Williams British Institute of International and Comparative Law The Edinburgh Law Review Vol 13 2009 [Mallinder] illluminates a hitherto little understood area of law, relying upon a volume of international source material and using a level of empirical research seldom found in legal writing. Colin Murray International Criminal Law Review Volume 9, 2009

Louise Mallinder is a Research Fellow in Law at Queen's University Belfast.

• Introduction Defining 'Amnesty' Controversial Nature of Amnesty Laws Amnesties, International Law and Legal Claims-making Amnesties and the Views of Victims Amnesties and Pragmatic Peacemaking Amnesties and Dealing with the Past Amnesty and Reconciliation Trends in the Introduction of Amnesty Laws Creating the Amnesty Law Database Structure and Purpose of the Book Part I Amnesties and Peacemaking: Context and Content 1 Enacting Amnesties Introduction How are Amnesty Laws Introduced? Exercises of Executive Discretion Negotiated Peace Agreements Statutes Public Consultation Why Do States Introduce Amnesty? Amnesty as a Reaction to Internal Unrest and Domestic Pressure Amnesty as a Tool for Peace and Reconciliation Amnesty as a Response to International Pressure Amnesty as a Cultural or Religious Tradition Amnesty as Reparation Amnesty as a Shield for State Agents Repeated and 'Rolling' Amnesties Conclusion 2 Whom do Amnesties Protect? The Personal Jurisdiction of Amnesty Laws Introduction Amnesties, Equality and the 'Myth of Equivalency' How have States Distinguished between Offenders with Different Allegiances? State Agents Opponents of the State Non-Violent Political Prisoners Exiles and Refugees Foreign Nationals Can an Offender's Reasons for Committing a Crime Justify an Amnesty? Ideology and Political Offenders Duress Self Protection and Personal Gain Victim-Perpetrator Axis Importance of Rank: Should States distinguish different Levels of Responsibility Amnesty for Subordinates? Amnesty for Superiors? Individual v Blanket Amnesties Can Amnesties Prevent Individuals from Proving their Innocence? Conclusion 3 Granting Immunity? The Material Scope of Amnesty Laws Introduction Which Crimes Are Granted Amnesty? Amnestying Atrocities? Can States Amnesty Crimes under International Law? Should Amnesties Treat Political Crimes Differently? Impinging on Individual Rights: Amnesties for Crimes Against Civilians and Combatants who are Hors de Combat Do States Amnesty Economic Crimes? Restricting Amnesties and the Scope of the Duty to Prosecute Conclusion 4 Towards Greater Accountability: The Role of Conditional Amnesties Introduction Which Conditions are Attached to Amnesties? Amnesty for Surrender and Disarmament Application Deadlines for Amnesties Amnesty and Repentance Amnesty and the Search for Truth Amnesty and Repairing the Harm Amnesty and Restorative Approaches to Justice Lustration and Vetting Procedures and Amnesty Enforcing Conditions and the Potential of Temporary Amnesties Conclusion Part II Approach of Courts to Amnesties 5 Implementing the Amnesty: The Approach of National Courts Introduction Trends in the Responses of National Courts to Amnesty Laws How have National Courts explained their Approach to Amnesty Laws? Legality of Amnesty Processes Under Municipal Law Legality of Amnesty Processes Under International Law Adhering to the Separation of Powers Doctrine Learning from Experiences Elsewhere Promoting Peace and Reconciliation Disclosing or Concealing the Truth Conclusion 6 International Courts and National Amnesty Laws Introduction Whom do International Courts Hold Accountable? Who has Standing? When do International Courts have Jurisdiction to Rule on National Amnesties? Potential to Create Change: How the Rulings of International Courts Can Affect National Amnesties? Amnesties and Victims' Rights: The Verdicts of the International Courts Right to a Remedy Duty to Investigate Duty to Prosecute and Punish Right to Reparations Potential Approach of the International Criminal Court Security Council Deferral (Article 16) Complementarity (Article 17) Non bis in idem (Article 20) Prosecutorial Discretion (Article 53) Conclusion 7 Beyond Territoriality: Transnational Prosecutions and Amnesties Introduction Jurisdiction of Courts in Third States to Rule on Amnesties Introduced Elsewhere Treaty Law Customary International Law Domestic Law Scope of Universal Jurisdiction within Third States Role of Subsidiarity Executive Discretion 'Nexus Requirement' and In Absentia Prosecutions Selectivity 'Ripple Effect': The Impact of Investigations in Third States on National Amnesties Conclusion Part III Views of Stakeholder Groups 8 Legal Obligations v Self-interest: The Contradictory Approach of International Actors to Amnesty Introduction What Motivates International Actors' Decisions on Involvement in Domestic Amnesty Processes? Attitudes of International Actors towards Amnesties Diplomatic Pressure Economic Pressure Legal Pressure Military Pressure Conclusion 9 Prioritising Needs: Amnesties and the Views of Victims Introduction Research on Victims Identifying Victims and their Needs How do Amnesty Laws Affect Victims? How can Amnesty Laws Be Made More Responsiv

[Mallinder]..supplies a tour de force of the international law, national law, local and customary law of amnesty. Doctrinal scholars will find much of value in the footnotes, just as empirical researchers of peacebuilding will learn much, as I did, from the juxtaposition of implications from strategic cases of a great variety of nations interwoven with the empirics of the Amnesty Law Database. I found particularly helpful the legal analysis of amnesty exclusions for those 'most responsible' for war crimes, a doctrine emerging as increasingly important internationally and nationally...The book and the database are both pathbreaking contributions that I will rely on in my future research on peacebuilding. This is sophisticated scholarship that others will also find an invaluable resource. John Braithwaite Punishment and Society Vol 11 (2) Why is it worth spending our time in reading this extraordinary essay? Mallinder has written an excellent handbook on the issue of amnesty. Indeed, she presents a comprehensive and original view of transitional justice and amnesty...We must be grateful for the excellent bibliography and for the information in the three appendices: one presents a remarkable list of anmensty processes, a second one contains much information in relation to the international court system, and the last one concerns a guide of provisions for a universal jurisdiction legislation. Juan Jesus Mora Molina The Law & Politics Book Review Vol 19 No 4, April 2009 The sheer volume of Mallinder's research onto 506 amnesty processes has to be admired. Most useful are the extensive footnotes giving literature searches and multi-lingual case studies and legislations of countries... This means that the book can be adopted on a number of different levels, such as criminology and victimology, international law or war and peace studies... This magnificent book is not just a tour de force in the study of international law but can be useful for the training of negotiators. The book provides a wealth of factual background for those who may wish to work for international voluntary organizations such as VSO, the UN or UNICEF. Ursula Smartt Criminal Law & Justice Weekly Volume 173 23 May 2009 This book is an invaluable contribution to this area of research as it analyzes the trends that can be discerned from the multitude of amnesty processes. Such examination is a critical and useful study and can provide lessons for scholars but also for states that may wish to adopt an amnesty...While studies in the past have examined amnesties from a thematic or country context the value of this research is its breadth in its examination of amnesties all around the world...This book is original. It is a substantial piece of work. It brings together a lot of information from disparate sources and clearly and systematically interprets that material. The work gives understanding to processes of law and amnesty in a multitude of settings. The breadth of materials consulted outside of the laws and cases are impressive. The bibliography stretches to 134 pages. It is a must read for everyone interested in the issues relating to transitional justice, human rights and humanitarian law as well as international and domestic criminal justice. Jeremy Sarkin Criminal Law Forum (2009) 20:389-394 an excellent and long-awaited contribution to the study of national amnesty laws and practices... The book is an essential read for those concerned with transitional justice and international criminal law. Sarah Williams British Institute of International and Comparative Law The Edinburgh Law Review Vol 13 2009 [Mallinder] illluminates a hitherto little understood area of law, relying upon a volume of international source material and using a level of empirical research seldom found in legal writing. Colin Murray International Criminal Law Review Volume 9, 2009