Nora Fisher-Onar is Associate Professor of International Studies at the University of San Francisco. Her research combines tools from comparative politics, international relations, and area studies to rethink the relationship between religion, politics, and pluralism, challenging Orientalism in how we read Muslim-majority states and societies. Previous publications include Istanbul: Living with Difference in a Global City (2018).

• By Way of Introduction: Capturing Complexity, Contesting Pluralism; Part I. Theory: 1. Hard Binaries and their discontents; 2. Pluralizers and anti-pluralists-an alternative key to Politics in Turkey and beyond; Part II. History: 3. Long Nineteenth Century-from Ottoman Universalism to Turkish nationalism; 4. Short Twentieth Century-between embedded liberalism and ethno (-religious) nationalism; Part III. Twenty-First Century: 5. EU-niversalism, the Islamo-liberal moment, and nationalist backlash; 6. Neo-Ottomanism-from pluralizing promise to religious populism; 7. Turkey turns-of clashing Islamists, contesting kurds, and a coup attempt; 8. Turkish-Islamist synthesis 2.0 and the new pluralizers; Conclusion: Learning from Turkey's transformation–lessons for (comparative) area studies, politics, and International relations; Index.