Cyber Warfare and Navies

As with all elements of the digital age, navies and commercial maritime operations around the world have become increasingly vulnerable to cyber conflict. Navies are obvious targets of hostile national and nonstate cyber actions. Almost every aspect of commercial maritime activities has become digitized and interconnected and thus vulnerable to cyber intrusions, sabotage, viruses, and destruction. In an era when 85 percent of global trade and 70 percent of all liquid fuels travel by sea, cyber effects on ships, port-handling equipment, shipping companies, maritime suppliers, and other maritime industries can cripple manufacturing industries and retail businesses on a global basis. Neither navies nor commercial shipping can sail away from cyber threats. Initially, naval leaders had difficulty accepting and preparing for cyber warfare, which is largely viewed as a problem on land and from which ships were perceived as disconnected. As a consequence, effectively integrating cyber operations into its naval warfighting planning has proven challenging not only for the U.S. Navy, but for allied and adversary navies as well. The U.S. Navy created Fleet Cyber Command (FCC), with the U.S. Navys Tenth Fleet as its cyber operational arm and the Navys component contributing to U.S. Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM). However, thus far those efforts appear not to have served the Navy or USCYBERCOM as well as anticipated. Cyber Warfare and Navies outlines the various threats that cyber warfare poses to naval and commercial maritime operations as well as the abilities of modern navies to defend against those threats. It explains how navies are organized and equipped for cyber operations and the concepts and doctrine adopted by those naviesand provides recommendations on how to improve maritime cyber operations. The book covers not just the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S Coast Guard, but also the navies of allies, opponents (China, Russia), and others. The book also explores the relationship between the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, and USCYBERCOM.