Democracy Promotion in the EUs Neighbourhood

EU external democracy promotion has traditionally been based on linkage, i.e. bottom-up support for democratic forces in third countries, and leverage, i.e. the top-down inducement of political elites towards democratic reforms through political conditionality. The advent of the European Neighbourhood Policy and new forms of association have introduced a new, third model of democracy promotion which rests in functional cooperation between administrations. This volume comparatively defines and assesses these three models of external democracy promotion in the EUs relations with its eastern and southern neighbours. It argues that while linkage has hitherto failed to produce tangible outcomes, and the success of leverage has basically been tied to an EU membership perspective, the governance model of democracy promotion bears greater potential beyond the circle of candidate countries. This third approach, while not tackling the core institutions of the political system as such, but rather promoting transparency, accountability, and participation at the level of state administration, may turn out to remain the EUs most tangible form of democratic governance promotion in the future. This book was originally published as a special issue of Democratization.