District Energy Trends, Issues, and Opportunities

This report evaluates the history and development of district heating and district cooling, together referred to as district energy, in North America, Western Europe, Asia, Eastern and Central Europe and the former Soviet Union. It reviews the key institutional, economic, financial, technical, and environmental issues in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe and the former Soviet Union in order to arrive at operationally relevant issues as well as to define opportunities for new activities to be supported by the World Bank.