Dualities, Helicity Amplitudes, and Little Conformal Symmetry

This book develops two exciting areas of particle physics research. It applies the recent new insightsabout the usefulness of helicity amplitudes in understanding gauge theory to the long-standing effort to understand theories with both electric and magnetic charges. It is known that for somesupersymmetric theories there is an exact duality that relates two descriptions of the physics, one wherethe electric charges are weakly coupled and another where the electric charges are strongly coupled. The calculations in this thesis suggest that this duality can also hold in the low-energy limit of nonsupersymmetricgauge theories. The idea of addressing the hierarchy problem of the standard modelHiggs mechanism using conformal symmetry is also explored. Analogously to "Little Higgs" models,where divergences are cancelled only at one-loop order, models are studied that have infrared conformalfixed points which related gauge and Yukawa couplings, allowing for a cancellation between seeminglyunrelated quantum loop diagrams.