Education's Impact

Higher education serves as a vital mechanism for fostering comprehensive individual and societal development. It is within this context that the contemporary development discourse has evolved into what we now recognize as human development. This new paradigm places human well-being squarely at the core of development discussions.

The primary objective of this study is to examine the growth and progression of higher education in relation to human development. Additionally, we aim to establish the connection between higher education and human development while identifying the factors that either bolster or hinder the role of higher education in realizing the ideals of a democratic society.

Our findings reveal that, within the timeframe of 1990 to 2017, India has experienced a consistent increase in higher education enrollments. While professional education has seen rapid growth, general education still comprises the largest share of total enrollments, with the arts discipline occupying the top position in terms of enrollment numbers. Notably, enrollment growth has been more pronounced between 2005-06 and 2016-17 compared to the period from 1990-91 to 2000-01. Although gender disparity has lessened, gender remains a strong determinant in the choice of academic disciplines. Social category-based disparities persist.

The expansion of higher education institutions, coupled with increased privatization and higher financial allocation during the eleventh and twelfth five-year plans, has reshaped the landscape of higher education in India. Simultaneously, India has made consistent progress in terms of Human Development Index (HDI) achievements during the same period. However, when benchmarked against countries such as the United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, Brazil, Japan, and Indonesia-recognized as global economic powerhouses based on the IMF's GDP estimates for 2018-India holds a comparatively lower position.

Although gender disparity in HDI achievements has improved, average inequality persists with minor fluctuations. Income inequality is on the rise. Contrary to the conventional notion that higher education primarily yields private returns, our study presents compelling theoretical and empirical evidence to support the assertion that higher education is a pivotal means of enriching human lives, a significant determinant of enhancing human development indicators, and an essential pillar in the establishment of enduring democracies.

From the perspective of students, higher education serves the purpose of optimizing one's inner potential, fostering critical thinking, nurturing social attributes, and instilling democratic values. On a societal level, higher education is instrumental in generating innovations for the common good and addressing local issues tied to genuine human concerns through research.

However, several challenges hinder the realization of higher education's potential in achieving the ideals of a democratic society. These challenges encompass personal life hurdles in a competitive world, financial burdens, unemployment, the absence of critical and ideological discourse, and the shrinking space for dissent. University educators advocate for a holistic approach to higher education.

The advent of neoliberal restructuring has led to reduced public funding and an increasing trend towards privatization. Furthermore, undue political interference poses a significant threat to the essence of higher education.