Experimental Production of Diseases: Heart and Circulation

Experimental Coronary Disease Models and Methods of Drug Evaluation.- A. Introduction.- I. Definitions.- II. Common Role of Subendocardial Ischemia.- III. Objective of the Presentation.- B. Pathophysiology of Myocardial Ischemia.- I. Regulation of Tissue Oxygen Tension (pO2).- II. Autoregulation.- III. Effect of Antianginal Drugs.- C. Subendocardium and Effect of Drugs.- I. Anatomy of Circulation through Left Ventricular Wall.- II. Basal State of Left Ventricular Subepicardium and Subendocardium.- D. Regional Resistance Large and Small Coronary Arteries.- I. Quantitative Angiography.- II. Large and Small Arteries in vivo.- III. Large and Small Arteries in vitro.- E. Regional Tissue Oxygen Tension.- I. Principle and Determinants of Oxygen Tension.- II. Approaches.- III. Polarographic Method.- IV. Mass Spectrographic Method.- V. Conclusions Regional Oxygen Tension.- F. Regional Blood Flow and Perfusion.- I. Epicardium and Endocardium.- II. Microsphere Method.- III. Hydrogen Clearance with Electrodes.- IV. Mass Spectrometer.- V. Conclusions Regional Flow.- G. Other Methods for Measurement of Coronary Blood Flow.- I. Thermodilution.- II. Heat Dissipation and Heat Production.- H. Blood Flow and Metabolism of Ischemic Region.- I. Retrograde Blood Flow (Back Flow).- II. Collateral Flow and Metabolism of Ischemic Region.- III. Collateral Flow in Unanesthetized Dogs.- I. Atherosclerosis Model.- Atrial Pacing.- J. Diffuse Coronary Occlusion Small Vessels.- I. Ischemic Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock by Starch Suspensions, Lycopodium Spores or Small Microspheres.- II. Large Spheres Intra-Aortic.- K. Acute Ligation.- I. Two-Stage Ligation in the Anesthetized Dog.- II. Two-Stage Ligation in the Anesthetized Pig.- III. Monkey, Unanesthetized.- L. Gradual or Controlled Occlusion.- I. Ameroids.- II. Dicetyl Phosphate.- III. Inflatable Balloon.- IV. Hydraulic Occluders.- V. Intracoronary Balloon.- M. Gradual or Acute Thrombosis.- I. Spiral Coils.- II. Electric Induction of Thrombosis.- III. Magnet and Iron Particles.- N. Other Means of Occlusion.- I. Mercury Injection into Coronary.- II. Steel Balls into Coronary.- III. Lead Foil into Coronary.- IV. Steel Cylinder in Coronary.- V. Catheter Tip in Coronary.- VI. Wedging Catheter in Coronary.- O. Surface Electrograms after Occlusion.- I. Electrograms in Open-Chest Dogs.- II. Closed-Chest Conscious Dogs.- P. Contractility of Ischemic Zone.- Q. Partial Occlusion and Pacing in Dog.- R. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- Experimental Induction of Hypertension.- A. Introduction.- B. Experimental Induction of Essential Hypertension.- I. Spontaneous Genetically Determined Hypertension.- II. Teratogenic Induction of Hypertension.- C. Surgical Induction of Chronic Sustained Diastolic Hypertension.- I. The Goldblatt Procedure.- II. Other Procedures for Constricting the Renal Artery.- III. Application of a Figure-of-Eight Ligature.- IV. Infarction of the Kidney.- V. Adrenal Regeneration Hypertension.- VI. Miscellaneous Surgical Procedures.- D. Non-Surgical Procedures for Inducing Experimental Chronic Diastolic Hypertension.- I. Salt-Induced Hypertension.- II. DOCA-Induced Hypertension.- III. Hypertension Induced by Dietary Deficiencies.- E. Induction of Special Forms of Hypertension.- I. Systolic Hypertension.- II. Hypertension Secondary to Nephritis and Nephrosclerosis.- III. Surgically Remediable Hypertension.- IV. Renoprival Hypertension.- V. Neurogenic Hypertension.- VI. Malignant Hypertension.- F. Other Procedures for Inducing Experimental Hypertension.- I. Induction of Hypertension by Steroids and Other Hormones.- II. Induction of Hypertension by Other Drugs and Poisons.- III. Induction of Hypertension by Activation of the Immune Mechanism.- G. Conclusion.- References.- Experimental Production of Atherosclerosis: Nutritional Influences.- A. Introduction.- B. The Peanut Oil Problem.- C. Dietary-Induced Cerebral Atherosclerosis.- D. Recent Atherosclerosis-Regression Studies (Aorta