Geoid Determination

This book consolidates, unifies and streamlines material in a unique way, not covered by the few other books that exist on the determination of geoid. It presents the theory and methodology of the most common techniques used for precise determination of the geoid, including the computation of the marine geoid from satellite altimetry data. In addition, the book provides fundamentals of estimating orthometric heights without spirit levelling, by properly combining a geoid with heights from GPS. The overall purpose of this book is to provide the user community (academics, graduate students, geophysists, engineers, oceanographers, GIS and GPS users, researchers) with a self-contained textbook, which will supply them the complete roadmap of estimating geoid undulations, from the theoretical definitions and formulas to the available numerical methods and their implementation and test in practice.