Germanisms in American Speech

Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject American Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,0, University of Cologne, course: Differences in American and British English, 27 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: In past years, many studies have been published concerning the influence of English, especiallyof American English, on the German language. Many people complain about thehotchpotch of English and German used by present-day youths. They blame the media forthe destruction of the German language. This even led to the founding of an association,der Verein Deutsche Sprache, to protect the German language. However, few people seemto be aware that German has made a sizeable contribution to the American English vocabularytoo, even though this is not as large as the contribution of English to the German language.As will be shown in this paper, words denoting foods, drinks, amusements, skiingactivities, German inventions and parts of the education system were borrowed by the nativepopulation. Borrowing from German started with the early colonial settlers in the 17thcentury, settling in Pennsylvania and evolving the Pennsylvanian German which is not ofinterest in this paper as it is completely different from the usage of German words of anaverage American, and has continued to the present time.This paper deals with Germanisms in American speech and is intended to give anoverview of the concept of borrowing. Firstly, the processes of borrowing with its examplesof distant and intimate borrowing are traced. Stanforth's monograph Deutsche Einflüsseauf den englischen Wortschatz in Geschichte und Gegenwart serves as the basis. Afterwards,in accordance to Haugen, his categorisation of the loan material into importation,substitution, partial-substitution and their subdivisions loan words, loan meanings, loancoinages, loan blends and loan compounds are represented with examples. The followingparagraphs elaborate on the naturalization of the loan material. It is shown that the typographicrepresentation of words, the orthography, the pronunciation and the grammar cangive information on the state of naturalization. Furthermore, the loan material can changeits part of speech or meaning after having been borrowed. In the fourth main paragraph thereasons for the large amount of Germanisms, such as the lack of American English equivalentsor the striving for profit and prestige, are explained in detail.[...]