History of Animals, Volume II

Inductive zoology. In History of Animals Aristotle analyzes differencesin parts, activities, modes of life, and characteracross the animal kingdom, in preparation for establishing their causes, which are the concern of his other zoological works. Over 500 species of animals are considered: shellfish, insects, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and mammalsincluding human beings. In Books IIV, Aristotle gives a comparative survey of internal and external body parts, including tissues and fluids, and of sense faculties and voice. Books VVI study reproductive methods, breeding habits, and embryogenesis as well as some secondary sex differences. In Books VIIIX, Aristotle examines differences among animals in feeding; in habitat, hibernation, migration; in enmities and sociability; in disposition (including differences related to gender) and intelligence. Here too he describes the human reproductive system, conception, pregnancy, and obstetrics. Book X establishes the females contribution to generation. The Loeb Classical Library edition of History of Animals is in three volumes. A full index to all ten books is included in Volume Three. Related Volumes: Aristotles biological corpus includes not only History of Animals, but also Parts of Animals, Movement of Animals, Progression of Animals, Generation of Animals, and significant parts of On the Soul and Parva Naturalia. Aristotles general methodologyfirst we must grasp the differences, then try to discover the causes (HA 1.6)is applied to the study of plants by his younger co-worker and heir to his school, Theophrastus: Enquiry into Plants studies differences across the plant kingdom, while De Causis Plantarum studies their causes. In the later ancient world, both Plinys Natural History and Aelians On the Characteristics of Animals draw significantly on Aristotles biological work. The only work by a classical author at all comparable to Aristotles treatises on animals is Xenophons On Horses (included in Volume VII of the Loeb edition of Xenophon).