Phil Johnson-Laird was born in Yorkshire, England, in 1936. He left school at the age of 15 and spent ten years in a variety of occupations until he went to University College London to read psychology. He later gained his Ph.D. there under the supervision of Peter Wason, and he joined the faculty in 1966. In 1971, he was a visiting member of the Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton, where he began a collaboration with George A. Miller. Subsequently, he held positions at the University of Sussex (1973-1981) and at the Medical Research Council's Applied Psychology Unit (1981-1989) in Cambridge, where he was also a Fellow of Darwin College. He returned to Princeton in 1989 to be a member of the faculty at the University, where he is the Stuart Professor of Psychology. His research concerns thinking, emotions, creativity, and music.

• 1. Introduction ; PART I - THE WORLD IN OUR CONSCIOUS MINDS ; 2. Icons and Images ; 3. Models of Possibilities: From Conjuring Tricks to Disasters ; PART II - THE WORLD IN OUR UNCONSCIOUS MINDS ; 4. Mental Architecture and the Unconscious ; 5. Intuitions and Unconscious Reasoning ; 6. Emotions as Inferences ; 7. Reasoning in Psychological Illnesses ; PART III - HOW WE MAKE DEDUCTIONS ; 8. Only Connections ; 9. I'm my own Grandpa: Reasoning About Identities and Other Relations ; 10. Syllogisms and Reasoning about Properties ; 11. Isn't Everyone an Optimist? The Case of Complex Reasoning ; PART IV - HOW WE MAKE INDUCTIONS ; 12. Modulation: A Step Towards Induction ; 13. Knowledge and Inductions ; 14. Sherlock Holmes's Method: Abduction ; 15. The Balance of Probabilities ; PART V - WHAT MAKES US RATIONAL ; 16. Counterexamples ; 17. Truths, Lies, and the Higher Reasoning ; PART VI - HOW WE DEVELOP OUR ABILITY TO REASON ; 18. On Development ; 19. Strategies and Cultures ; 20. How We can Improve our Reasoning ; PART VII - KNOWLEDGE, BELIEFS, AND PROBLEMS ; 21. The Puzzles of If ; 22. Causes and Obligations ; 23. Beliefs, Heresies, and Changes in Mind ; 24. How we Solve Problems ; PART VIII - EXPERT REASONING IN TECHNOLOGY, LOGIC, AND SCIENCE ; 25. Flying Bicycles: How the Wright Brothers Invented the Airplane ; 26. Unwrapping an Enigma ; 27. On the Mode of the Communication of Cholera ; 28. How we Reason

Phil Johnson-Laird was born in Yorkshire, England, in 1936. He left school at the age of 15 and spent ten years in a variety of occupations until he went to University College London to read psychology. He later gained his Ph.D. there under the supervision of Peter Wason, and he joined the faculty in 1966. In 1971, he was a visiting member of the Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton, where he began a collaboration with George A. Miller. Subsequently, he held positions at the University of Sussex (1973-1981) and at the Medical Research Council's Applied Psychology Unit (1981-1989) in Cambridge, where he was also a Fellow of Darwin College. He returned to Princeton in 1989 to be a member of the faculty at the University, where he is the Stuart Professor of Psychology. His research concerns thinking, emotions, creativity, and music.

• 1. Introduction ; PART I - THE WORLD IN OUR CONSCIOUS MINDS ; 2. Icons and Images ; 3. Models of Possibilities: From Conjuring Tricks to Disasters ; PART II - THE WORLD IN OUR UNCONSCIOUS MINDS ; 4. Mental Architecture and the Unconscious ; 5. Intuitions and Unconscious Reasoning ; 6. Emotions as Inferences ; 7. Reasoning in Psychological Illnesses ; PART III - HOW WE MAKE DEDUCTIONS ; 8. Only Connections ; 9. I'm my own Grandpa: Reasoning About Identities and Other Relations ; 10. Syllogisms and Reasoning about Properties ; 11. Isn't Everyone an Optimist? The Case of Complex Reasoning ; PART IV - HOW WE MAKE INDUCTIONS ; 12. Modulation: A Step Towards Induction ; 13. Knowledge and Inductions ; 14. Sherlock Holmes's Method: Abduction ; 15. The Balance of Probabilities ; PART V - WHAT MAKES US RATIONAL ; 16. Counterexamples ; 17. Truths, Lies, and the Higher Reasoning ; PART VI - HOW WE DEVELOP OUR ABILITY TO REASON ; 18. On Development ; 19. Strategies and Cultures ; 20. How We can Improve our Reasoning ; PART VII - KNOWLEDGE, BELIEFS, AND PROBLEMS ; 21. The Puzzles of If ; 22. Causes and Obligations ; 23. Beliefs, Heresies, and Changes in Mind ; 24. How we Solve Problems ; PART VIII - EXPERT REASONING IN TECHNOLOGY, LOGIC, AND SCIENCE ; 25. Flying Bicycles: How the Wright Brothers Invented the Airplane ; 26. Unwrapping an Enigma ; 27. On the Mode of the Communication of Cholera ; 28. How we Reason

Phil Johnson-Laird was born in Yorkshire, England, in 1936. He left school at the age of 15 and spent ten years in a variety of occupations until he went to University College London to read psychology. He later gained his Ph.D. there under the supervision of Peter Wason, and he joined the faculty in 1966. In 1971, he was a visiting member of the Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton, where he began a collaboration with George A. Miller. Subsequently, he held positions at the University of Sussex (1973-1981) and at the Medical Research Council's Applied Psychology Unit (1981-1989) in Cambridge, where he was also a Fellow of Darwin College. He returned to Princeton in 1989 to be a member of the faculty at the University, where he is the Stuart Professor of Psychology. His research concerns thinking, emotions, creativity, and music.

• 1. Introduction ; PART I - THE WORLD IN OUR CONSCIOUS MINDS ; 2. Icons and Images ; 3. Models of Possibilities: From Conjuring Tricks to Disasters ; PART II - THE WORLD IN OUR UNCONSCIOUS MINDS ; 4. Mental Architecture and the Unconscious ; 5. Intuitions and Unconscious Reasoning ; 6. Emotions as Inferences ; 7. Reasoning in Psychological Illnesses ; PART III - HOW WE MAKE DEDUCTIONS ; 8. Only Connections ; 9. I'm my own Grandpa: Reasoning About Identities and Other Relations ; 10. Syllogisms and Reasoning about Properties ; 11. Isn't Everyone an Optimist? The Case of Complex Reasoning ; PART IV - HOW WE MAKE INDUCTIONS ; 12. Modulation: A Step Towards Induction ; 13. Knowledge and Inductions ; 14. Sherlock Holmes's Method: Abduction ; 15. The Balance of Probabilities ; PART V - WHAT MAKES US RATIONAL ; 16. Counterexamples ; 17. Truths, Lies, and the Higher Reasoning ; PART VI - HOW WE DEVELOP OUR ABILITY TO REASON ; 18. On Development ; 19. Strategies and Cultures ; 20. How We can Improve our Reasoning ; PART VII - KNOWLEDGE, BELIEFS, AND PROBLEMS ; 21. The Puzzles of If ; 22. Causes and Obligations ; 23. Beliefs, Heresies, and Changes in Mind ; 24. How we Solve Problems ; PART VIII - EXPERT REASONING IN TECHNOLOGY, LOGIC, AND SCIENCE ; 25. Flying Bicycles: How the Wright Brothers Invented the Airplane ; 26. Unwrapping an Enigma ; 27. On the Mode of the Communication of Cholera ; 28. How we Reason