Living Aloft

CONTENTS

Acknowledgments

Chapter I. Living in Space
Background
A Framework for Forecasting
Guiding Assumptions
Theoretical Orientation
The Available Data
Space Environments
The Physical Environment
The Social Environment
Basic Reactions to Space-like Environments
Temporal Fluctuations
Summary and Conclusions

Chapter II. Behavioral and Selection Implications of Biomedical Changes
Physiological Deconditioning
Simulation Studies
Resistance to Deconditioning
Countermeasures
Vestibular Alterations
Manifestations and Theory
Resistance to Vestibular Effects
Countermeasures
Visual Changes
Summary and Conclusions

Chapter III. Habitability
Background
The Physical Environment
Interior Space
Food
Hygiene
Temperature and Humidity
Decor and Lighting
Odor
Noise
Health and Leisure
Recreation
Exercise
Privacy
Meaning and Functions
Theory
Bases of Needs
Mechanisms
Crowding
Territoriality
Privacy in Space
Complex Effects
Multiple Stressors
Aftereffects
Summary and Conclusions

Chapter IV. Performance
Describing Performance
Work Requirements in Space
Human Performance Abilities
Assessment of Human Performance
Discrete-task Assessment Techniques
Multiple-task Batteries
Partial- and Full-scale Simulation
In-flight Performance Assessment
Future Focus of Research on Performance
Assessment
Issues in Astronaut Work Regimes
Factors Affecting Work Capacity
Factors Affecting Work Schedules
Factors Affecting Workload
The Effects of Desynchronosis
Sleep Disturbances
Summary and Conclusions

Chapter V. Small Groups
Introduction
Individual Characteristics and Crew Compatibility
Gender
Age
Culture
Personal Attractiveness
Emotional Stability
Competence
Cooperativeness
Social Versatility
Similarities and Complementarities
Group Homeostasis
Crew Size and Social Compatibility
Assembling Groups
Interpersonal Dynamics
Leadership
Cohesiveness
Compliance, Conformity, and Independence
Group Performance
Temporal Dynamics
Summary and Conclusions

Chapter VI. Communication
Introduction
Direct Interpersonal Communication
Verbal Communication
Nonverbal Communication
Mediated Communication
Planning Considerations
Systems Requirements
Systems Effects
Application to Space
Communication Networks
Internal Communication
External Communication
Summary and Conclusions

Chapter VII. Crises
Introduction
Externally Precipitated Crises
Experience in Space
Individual Response to Threat
Group Processes
Implications for Space
Internally Precipitated Crises
Psychological Episodes
Transcendant Experiences
Substance Abuse
Grief
Crisis Intervention
Implications for Space
Summary and Conclusions

Chapter VIII. Organization and Management
Introduction
Spacecrew Structure
Power Structures
Work Roles
Normative Structures
Motivation
Rewards
Sanctions
External Relations
Boundary Roles
Interorganizational Conflict
Models of Conflict Management
Reassimilation
Summary and Conclusions

Chapter IX. Summary and Recommendations
Purpos...