Locke's Political Thought and the Oceans

This book outlines and analyzes John Lockes political thought about the oceans with a focus on law and freedom at sea. The book examines the Two Treatises of Government, in which Locke argues that the seas are collectively owned by all humans and are governed by universal natural laws that prohibit piracy. Lockes Two Treatises provides a systematic political theory of the seas that contributes to theories of international law and maritime law, but his text does not answer the practical question of how to enforce law effectively at sea. The book also considers how Locke translated his theoretical ideas into practice when he was involved in policymaking as a member of Englands Board of Trade during the 1690s. On the Board, Locke waged a war against pirates by proposing an anti-piracy treaty between Europes major maritime states, by successfully advocating a new English piracy law, and by supporting the deployment of the English Navy against pirates. Lockes war against pirates was consistent with the natural law theory in the Two Treatises, and helped to build English empire on land and at sea. There is also consistency between Lockes theoretical views about slavery and his work on the Board of Trade. As a Board member, Locke advocated forced migration and forced labor for English convicts, which is consistent with the theory of penal slavery in the Two Treatises and suggests that his theory was intended to justify the enslavement of English convicts. However, there are tensions between Lockes arguments in the Two Treatises and the policies of forced naval service that he supported on the Board. Lockes theories of law and freedom at sea shaped his vision of English national identity, and influenced the English governments policies about slavery and piracy.