Neither Belief nor Unbelief

The book re-examines the religious thought and receptions of the Syrian poet Ab? l-?Al?? al-Ma?arr? (d.1057) and one of his best known works - Luz?m m? l? yalzam (The Self-Imposed Unnecessity), a collection of poems, which, although widely studied, needs a thorough re-evaluation regarding matters of (un)belief. Given the contradictory nature of al-Ma?arr?'s oeuvre and Luz?m in particular, there have been two major trends in assessing al-Ma?arr?'s religious thought in modern scholarship. One presented al-Ma?arr? as an unbeliever and a freethinker arguing that through contradictions, he practiced taq?ya, i.e., dissimulation in order to avoid persecution. The other, often apologetically, presented al-Ma?arr? as a sincere Muslim. This study proposes that the notion of ambivalence is a more appropriate analytical tool to apply to the reading of Luz?m, specifically in matters of belief. This ambivalence is directly conditioned by the historical and intellectual circumstances al-Ma?arr? lived in and he intentionally left it unsolved and intense as a robust stance against claims of certainty. Going beyond reductive interpretations, the notion of ambivalence allows for an integrative paradigm in dealing with contradictions and dissonance.