Outlaw Fathers in Victorian and Modern British Literature

Outlaw Fathers in Victorian and Modern British Literature: Queering Patriarchy traces the representations of outlaw fathers, or queer patriarchs, and their relationships with their queer sons, in a particular literary tradition: mid-to-late-Victorian and twentieth-century British fiction and memoir. Specifically, I look at such representations in Anthony Trollopes Doctor Thorne (1858) and The Prime Minister (1875-76) (while also drawing on An Autobiography (1883) and The Dukes Children (1880)); Samuel Butlers The Way of All Flesh (published in 1901), Henry Jamess The Lesson of the Master (1888), J. R. Ackerleys My Father and Myself (written in the 1930s and published in 1968), E. M. Forsters Little Imber (1961) (with an occasional detour into The Longest Journey (1907), Howards End (1909), and Maurice (published in 1971)), and Alan Hollinghursts The Spell (1998). In the coda, I consider the implications of including transgender, transnational female-to-male fathers of color in the ranks of queer patriarchy and discuss two contemporary novels, Jackie Kays Trumpet (1998, Scotland) and Patricia Powells The Pagoda (1998, Jamaica and the United States), as well asbrieflyan episode an episode of the television show The L-Word (2008) and the documentary U-People (2007). The term queer patriarchy has two components. The first one is a non-traditional, primarilybut not exclusivelynon-heterosexual, pervasively present, and culturally important, paternal subjectivity. The second one is the bond between such queer paternal figures and their sons, biological and non-biological. This study pays attention primarily to the relationship between psyche, language, and ideology, but it will join a larger conversation about the changing roles of men in general and fathers in particular, which is taking place outside of the field of literary studies.