Physical and Mathematical Modeling of Earth and Environment Processes

The book presents short papers of participants of the 10th International Scientific Conference and School for Young Scientists Physical and Mathematical Modeling of Earth and Environment Processes. The book includes theoretical and experimental studies of processes in the atmosphere, oceans, the lithosphere and their interaction; environmental issues; problems of human impact on the environment; methods of geophysical research. Research of the dynamic of natural systems - geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and their interactions, the human contribution to naturally occurring processes are among the most urgent and practically important scientific problems. Intensive development of research in these areas is due to several factors. The widespread introduction of computer technology has allowed beginning calculation of complex phenomena, previously unavailable for analysis. Creation and improvement of a new generation of geophysical instruments, remote observing systems based on the ship, aircraft, and satellite allowed us to obtain a large amount of data to objectively reflect the picture of the processes. The articles included in these book reflect also an important role of the laboratory modeling in searching of processes in geo-environments and testing of new developed physical and mathematical models. Development of measurement, optic information and other techniques provide new opportunities to perform controllable and reproducible laboratory data for generations of new ideas and concepts. Systematic stream of high resolution laboratory data stimulates development of analytical and numerical models of the dynamical processes in three nature environments. A special focus is given to the extraction of hydrocarbon resources, including from unconventional sources. An alternative to the use of hydrocarbons as a main source of energy on the Planet in the coming decades is unlikely to be found. At the same time, the resource base of hydrocarbons is quickly depleted, in particularly, large and accessible oil and gas fields. The shale oil and gas, Arctic hydrocarbon stocks, gas hydrates, coal bed methane, oil and gas from deep horizons can become new sources.