Real and Imagined

During the Heian period (7941185), the sacred mountain Kinpusen, literally the Peak of Gold, came to cultural prominence as a pilgrimage destination for the most powerful men in Japanthe Fujiwara regents and the retired emperors. Real and Imagined depicts their one-hundred-kilometer trek from the capital to the rocky summit as well as the imaginative landscape they navigated. Kinpusen was believed to be a realm of immortals, the domain of an unconventional bodhisattva, and the home of an indigenous pantheon of kami. These nominally private journeys to Kinpusen had political implications for both the pilgrims and the mountain. While members of the aristocracy and royalty used pilgrimage to legitimate themselves and compete with one another, their patronage fed rivalry among religious institutions. Thus, after flourishing under the Fujiwara regents, Kinpusens cult and community were rent by violent altercations with the great Nara temple Kfukuji. The resulting institutional reconfigurations laid the groundwork for Shugend, a new movement focused on religious mountain practice that emerged around 1300. Using archival sources, archaeological materials, noblemens journals, sutras, official histories, and vernacular narratives, this original study sheds new light on Kinpusen, positioning it within the broader religious and political history of the Heian period.