Scientific Research and Methodology

This textbook is designed for teaching quantitative research in the scientific, health and engineering disciplines at first-year undergraduate level, with an emphasis on statistics. It covers the research process, including asking research questions, research design, data collection, summarising data, analysis and communication. Many real journal articles are used throughout the text as examples that demonstrate the use of the techniques. Students are introduced to statistics as a method for answering questions. Descriptive research questions lead to analysis of single proportions and means. Repeated-measures research questions are answered using paired quantitative data. Relational research questions compare proportions, odds and means in different groups. Correlational research questions are studied using correlation and regression techniques. Statistical topics include numerical summary methods (such as means, odds ratios and identification of outliers), graphing (such as histograms, case-profile plots and scatterplots), confidence intervals and hypothesis testing. Emphasis is placed on understanding and concepts; while calculations are shown in simple situations, they are deferred to software when the computations become tedious and disruptive to understanding. Almost every dataset used is a real dataset, and is available online or in an associated R package SRMData. Software output is often used when calculations become onerous. The output is sufficiently generic that the book can be used in conjunction with any statistical software.