Simas

Human-fashioned boundaries transform spaces by introducing dualisms, bifurcations, creative symbioses, contradictions, and notions of inclusion and exclusion. The Buddhist boundaries considered in this book, s?m?s-a term found in South and Southeast Asian languages and later translated into East Asian languages-come in various shapes and sizes and can be established on land or in bodies of water. Sometimes, the word s?m? refers not only to a ceremonial boundary, but the space enclosed by the boundary, or even the markers (when they are used) that denote the boundary. S?m?s were established early on as places where core legal acts (kamma), including ordination, of the monastic community (sangha) took place according to their disciplinary codes. S?m?s continue to be deployed in the creation of monastic lineages and to function in diverse ways for monastics and non-monastics alike. As foundations of Buddhist religion, s?m?s are used to sustain, revitalize, or reform Buddhist practices, notions of identity, and conceptualizations of time and history. In the last few decades, scholarly awareness of and expertise on s?m?s has developed to a point where a volume like this one, which examines s?m?s across numerous cultural contexts and scholarly fields of inquiry, is both possible and needed. S?m? traditions expressed in the Therav?da cultures of Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka constitute the dominant focus of the work; a chapter on East Asia raises questions of historical transmission beyond these areas. Throughout contributors engage texts; history; archaeology; politics; art; ecology; economics; epigraphy; legal categories; mythic narratives; understandings of the cosmos; and conceptualizations of compassion, authority, and violence. Examining s?m?s through multiple perspectives allows us to look at them in their contextual specificity, in a way that allows for discernment of variation as well as consistency. S?m? spaces can be both simple and extremely intricate, and this book helps show why and how that is the case.