Social Security in Transition

There was a time when it was clear what risks social security policy was meant to protect: unemployment, sickness, and occupational disability. For many decades - although true equity remained elusive - a focus on these "external" risks seemed to be enough. It is to the credit of more policy that such previously "hidden" but all-important matters as excluded minorities, inadequate income, and obstacles to personal development are now on the agenda. Yet, with the globalization of the economy, new and unprecedented risks proliferate, most of them being of the "manufactured" kind that stem from technological and economic factors that are largely independent of time and place and that do not lend themselves easily to regulation. This text surveys and analyses the forces affecting social security policy as understood by 21, mainly European, authorities in the field. Although each author focuses on specific issues (such as poverty, migration, retirement schemes, access to health care), a consensus emerges that social security can no longer be viewed as a distinct theoretical entity, but that it must be considered in a broad context of social policy that encompasses employment, education, and health care. That the state will remain the last resort for the resolution of dangerous social disparities seems inevitable; yet some transnational standards of fairness (including concerted action for the prevention of and combating the worst evils, such as poverty and social exclusion of migrants) are crucial if we are to develop meaningful state and collective arrangements - arrangements that will not only support all individuals as they take responsibilities in life, enhance their opportunities, and make meaningful choices, but also safeguard the necessary level of social cohesion in society. The book builds on papers that were originally presented at a June 2001 symposium in The Hague to mark the centenary of the Dutch Occupational Accidents Act 1901 and at the same time of Dutch social security.