Some Newly Established Asian States and the Development of International Law

I. The Problem.- World Changes and their Ramifications.- 1. Bipolarization.- 2. Progress and interdependence.- 3. New expansionism.- Specific Changes.- 1. Change of composition in the world arena.- 2. Impact of changes on world prescriptions.- The Search for a Solution.- II. The Origin of the Problem.- The Pre-Colonial Time.- The Colonial Period and the Rise of the Nationalist Movements.- 1. The establishment of the colonial empires.- 2. The growth of the nationalist movement.- a. The Russo-Japanese War of 19041905.- b. World War I (19141918) and the inter-war period (19181939).- World War II and the End of the Colonial Era.- 1. The status of Burma during and after the Japanese occupation.- 2. Indonesia during and after the Japanese occupation.- III. The Asian States in the World Power Process.- The Burmese-Chinese Boundary Disputes.- 1. The facts.- 2. The question of authority in the disputed territories.- a. The peace treaty of Kaungton of 1770.- b. The Peking Convention of 1886.- c. The Convention of 1894.- d. The Convention of 1897.- e. The 1941 Agreement.- f. The Chou En-lai U Nu proposals.- 3. Decisions by International Courts.- 4. Final observations.- The Kashmir Conflict.- 1. Genesis of the Kashmir Conflict.- 2. The origin of authority in the Kashmir Conflict.- 3. Claims and counterclaims.- a. Population and culture.- b. Geographical position.- c. Communications.- d. Strategic factors.- e. Trade and economic situation.- 4. Prospects of a solution.- Indonesia and the Law of the Sea.- 1. The facts.- a. The laws of the sea in the Netherlands Indies period.- b. Laws and regulations in the Republic of Indonesia.- c. The present situation.- 2. The interplay of competing claims.- a. Authority in internal waters.- b. Authority over territorial waters.- c. Boundary between internal and territorial sea.- d. Breadth of the territorial waters.- e. High seas regarded as contiguous to the claimant state.- f. High seas not regarded as contiguous to the claimant state.- 3. Final observations.- Peaceful Coexistence.- 1. Origin and development.- 2. The Asian attitude.- IV. Conclusions.- The Attitudes of the New Asian States.- 1. Historical considerations.- 2. The value of moral arguments.- 3. The actual practices of the new Asian states.- 4. Other observations.- The Contribution of the New Asian States to the Development of International Law.- 1. The colonial issue.- 2. Self-determination.- 3. Neutralism.- 4. Peaceful coexistence.- Further Developments.- Synoptical table of some Asian claims.- Maps.- The Burmese-Chinese Boundary Claims.- The Kashmir Conflict.- Base Lines of the Indonesian Waters.