Synaptic Modulators

1 Effects of Drugs on Energy Metabolism of the Brain and on Cerebral Transport.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Drugs and Brain Cell Energetics.- 3. Neurotropic Drugs Affecting Electron and Energy Transfer.- 3.1. Barbiturates.- 3.2. Uncouplers of Brain Respiration.- 3.3. Fluoroacetate.- 3.4. Methionine Sulfoximine.- 3.5. Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides.- 3.6. 2-Deoxyglucose.- 3.7. ?-Hydroxybutyrate.- 3.8. Aminooxyacetate.- 3.9. Haloperidol.- 4. Drugs and Brain Cell Permeabilities.- 4.1. Tetrodotoxin.- 4.2. Local Anesthetics: Cocaine, Procaine, Lidocaine, etc.- 4.3. Ouabain.- 4.4. Protoveratrine.- 5. Drugs Affecting Cerebral Biogenic Amine Levels.- 5.1. Reserpine.- 5.2. Phenothiazines.- 5.3. Imipramine.- 5.4. Amphetamines.- 5.5. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors.- 5.6. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD).- 5.7. Amino Acid Decarboxylase Inhibitors.- 6. Ethanol.- 7. References.- 2 Role of Cyclic Nucleotides in the Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Enzymatic Formation, Degradation, and Action of Cyclic Nucleotides.- 2.1. Adenylate Cyclases.- 2.2. Guanylate Cyclases.- 2.3. Phosphodiesterases.- 2.4. Protein Kinases.- 2.5. Phosphoprotein Phosphates.- 3. Accumulation of Cyclic Nucleotides.- 3.1. Cyclic AMP in Brain Slices.- 3.2. Cyclic GMP in Brain Slices.- 3.3. Cyclic AMP in Ganglia.- 3.4. Cyclic AMP in Cells of Neuronal or Glial Origin.- 4. Functional Roles of Cyclic Nucleotides.- 4.1. Effects on Enzymatic Processes.- 4.2. Cell Morphology, Differentiation, and Growth.- 4.3. Membrane Phenomena.- 4.4. Centrally Active Drugs and Levels of Cyclic Nucleotides in Brain.- 4.5. Behavioral Effects.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. References.- 3 Purinergic Transmission.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Distribution of Purinergic Nerves.- 2.1. Gastrointestinal Tract.- 2.2. Lung and Trachea.- 2.3. Vascular System.- 2.4. Urinogenital System.- 2.5. Eye.- 2.6. CNS.- 3. Fine Structure and Histochemistry of Purinergic Nerves.- 3.1. Fine Structure of Purinergic Nerves.- 3.2. Histochemical Approaches to Localization of Purinergic Nerves.- 4. Electrophysiology of Purinergic Transmission.- 4.1. Inhibitory Junction Potentials.- 4.2. Postsynaptic Action of Transmitter.- 4.3. Interaction of Purinergic with Cholinergic and Adrenergic Responses in Single Cells.- 5. Physiological Roles of Purinergic Nerves.- 5.1. Reflex Relaxation of the Esophagogastric Junction.- 5.2. Receptive Relaxation of the Stomach.- 5.3. Descending Inhibition of Peristalsis.- 5.4. Reflex Relaxation of the Internal Anal Sphincter.- 5.5. Vomiting and Nausea.- 5.6. Bronchodilatation, Asphyxia, Asthma.- 5.7. Coughing.- 5.8. Inflammation of the Skin.- 5.9. Activities in the CNS.- 6. Evidence that ATP is the Purinergic Nerve Transmitter.- 6.1. Formation and Storage of ATP.- 6.2. Release of ATP.- 6.3. Direct Actions of Purine Nucleotides and Nucleosides on Smooth Muscle.- 6.4. Inactivation of ATP.- 6.5. Antagonism and Potentiation of Responses to Nerve Stimulation and ATP.- 7. Pharmacology of Adenyl Compounds and Purinergic Transmission.- 7.1. Inhibitory and Excitatory Action of Adenyl Compounds.- 7.2. Drugs That Antagonize the Action of Adenyl Compounds.- 7.3. Drugs That Potentiate the Action of Adenyl Compounds.- 8. Speculations on the Evolution and Development of Purinergic Nerves.- 9. Summary.- 10. References.- 4 Hypothalamic Hypophysiotropic Hormones.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hypophysiotropic Hormone Action.- 2.1. Characteristics.- 2.2. Mechanisms of Hypophysiotropic Action of Peripheral Hormones.- 3. Thyrotropin Releasing Factor (TRF).- 3.1. Effect of TRF on Secretion of Other Pituitary Hormones.- 3.2. Psychotropic Actions of TRF.- 3.3. TRF Binding Studies.- 3.4. TRF Structure-Function Relationship Studies.- 4. Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Factor (LRF).- 4.1. LRF Structure-Function Studies.- 4.2. LRF Binding Studies.- 4.3. Behavioral Effects of LRF.- 5. Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF).- 6. Prolactin Release Inhibiting Factor (PIF).- 7. Growth Hormone Releasing Factor (GRF).- 8. Somatostatin-Somatotropin Release