The Beginnings of Anti-Jewish Legislation

The Nazi 1933 Civil Service Law and the 1935 Nuremberg Laws are often considered the first anti-Jewish decrees in interwar Europe. Mria M. Kovcs convincingly argues that Hungarys numerus clausus law of 1920, which introduced a Jewish quota at Hungarys institutions of higher learning, was, in fact, interwar Europes first antisemitic law. By definingand discriminating againstJews as a separate racial or national group, it abrogated the principle of equal rights that had been enshrined into law; as such, it marked an abrupt reversal of Jewish emancipation in Hungary. Moreover, the numerus clausus law set the stage for subsequent Jewish Laws (in the late 1930s and early 1940s) that sought to solve Hungarys Jewish Question by means of extraordinary legal measures that targeted Jews alone. This book examines the origins and implementation of the numerus clausus, as well as the attempts to dampen its impact on Hungarys international reputation, focusing on the debates surrounding it promulgation (1920), its modification (1928) and its eventual application to other areas of Jewish life (193845).