The Defeat of Critique

This book brings a new perspective on the formation and evolution of Critical Theory, tracing the intellectual trajectory of three of its major representatives: Horkheimer, Habermas and Honneth. It demonstrates how a theoretical project that started as a radical rethinking of Marxism, responding to the defeat of the Left in the face of Nazism, disintegrated from within and lost its initial radical potential. Faced with the isolation of exile and the failure of the anti-fascist fronts, Horkheimer broke with his founding project and turned towards a negative philosophy of history. The coming of the next generations of the Frankfurt School allowed for a renewal of the theoretical ambition but at a high price: critique had to adapt to the order of post-war West Germany. With Habermas, critique aims to expand a public space, ignoring the contradictions of social relations; with Honneth, it becomes a therapy of the social, aiming at repairing a world instead of transforming it. From one generation to the next, Critical Theory has turned its back on the analysis of the regressive potential inherent in capitalist modernity. But its initial project has still significant resources to offer for an understanding of the present and for the emancipatory struggles of our time. To recapture its revolutionary potential, critical theory needs to return to its initial project and cross-fertilize it with other currents within Marxism and radical thought.