The Empire at the Opra

Although nineteenth-century legislation had tried to ensure a precise separation between genre and institution for Parisian music in the theatre, it had inadvertently laid out a field on which the politics of genre could be played out as agents and actors of all types deployed various forms of artistic power. During the Second Empire, from 1854 until 1870, the state took over day-to-day control of the Opra in ways that were without precedent. Every element of the Opra's activity was subjugated to the exigency of Empire; the selection or artists, works and more general questions of artistic policy were handed over to politicians. The Opra effectively became a branch of government. The result was a stagnation of the Opra's repertory, and beneficiaries were the composers of larger-scale works for competing organisations: the Opra Comique and the Thtre Lyrique.