The Global Spread of Islamism and the Consequences for Terrorism

Terrorism motivated by Islamist religious ideology has been on the rise for the last forty years. Why? The three prior waves of terrorismanarchist, nationalist, and Marxistarose generally from a combination of geopolitical events and local grievances. This fourth wave of terrorism, however, has risen out of a different set of conditions. Existing analyses of terrorism often consider how terrorist ideologies have evolved or how grievances have changed over time. But these approaches miss what could be called the supply side of ideologyhow state and nonstate actors have exported an ideology of Islamism and how this ideology has taken root beyond what grievances or ideological interpretations would predict. Michael Freeman connect the dots between several key events in 1979the hostage crisis at the Grand Mosque in Mecca, the Iranian Revolution, and the Soviet incursion into Afghanistanand the incentives these events created for different actors to spread the supply of Islamism, the institutions they produced in various countries, and the terrorists who emerge from these institutions. In The Global Spread of Islamism and the Consequences for Terrorism Freeman examines four countries that have experienced this export of IslamismIndonesia, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, and the United Statesand briefly describes similar patterns in other countries. Understanding the importance of the supply side of Islamism helps us better understand the strength and staying power of this current wave of terrorism as well as opportunities to better counter it.