The Modern Revival of Gnosticism and Thomas Mann's <I>Doktor Faustus</I>

Gnosticism is an extreme religious sensibility, dating from the early Christian era, that combines a radically pessimistic view of life and the world with an optimistic belief that the human spirit is itself divine, though lost in an alien and evil world. This study explores the reappearance of Gnostic themes across the landscape of European literature and thought and in major works by Thomas Mann. Prompted by the rediscovery of original Gnostic writings during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, this supposedly long-dead sensibility was adopted as the earliest precursor for such far-reaching schools of thought as C. G. Jung's model of individuation, the modern nihilism of existentialism, and Gershom Scholem's treatment of Jewish mysticism and the revolutionary messianic movements inspired by kabbalist thought. Kirsten Grimstad argues that the modern cultural movement known as the religion of art rekindled a culturally subversive Gnostic sensibility that was expressed in an extremist revolt against modernity, reiterating the Gnostic revolt against the cosmos. Close textual analysis of Thomas Mann's Doktor Faustus extends this argument by exposing a Gnostic redemption drama that is encrypted within the main story of the protagonist's downfall and damnation. Recognizing this hidden story unlocks some of the novel's central problems. Kirsten J. Grimstad is associate professor of graduate studies at the Norwich University, Northfield, Vermont.