The Nordic Seas

1. Climatology.- General Aspects of the Climatology.- Sources of Information.- Climatology in the Open-Water Areas.- Case Studies at the Ice Edge.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- 2. The ICE Cover.- Landfast Ice.- Occurrence and Development of Grounded Landfast Ice.- Fast Ice in Constricted Channels.- Sikussak-Fast Ice of Great Thickness.- Wave Propagation Through Fast Ice.- Mechanisms of Breakup.- Crystal-Axis Orientation in Fast Ice.- The Transition Zone.- The Offshore Zone in Northeast Greenland.- Winter and Spring Polynyas.- The Landwater Phenomenon.- Inshore Motion of the Pack in Summer.- The Moving Pack Ice.- Ice Limits in the Greenland Sea.- Ice Composition and Characteristics in the East Greenland Current.- Ice Drift in the Main Pack of the East Greenland Current.- The Ice Near Svalbard in the Barents Sea.- The Marginal Ice Zone.- Physical Processes Associated With the Ice Margin.- Geometrical Properties of Ice in the Marginal Ice Zone.- Millimeter-Wave Remote Sensing.- Problems of Modeling the Marginal Ice Zone.- References.- 3. The Physical Properties of the Sea Ice Cover.- Ice Types.- Ice Structure and Composition.- Structure.- Composition.- Suspected Difference in the Ice of the Greenland Sea.- Lack of Physical-Property Data.- Conclusions.- References.- 4. Brief Overview of the Physical Oceanography.- Bathymetry and Circulation.- Water Masses.- Deep-Water Formation.- Ocean Fronts.- Ocean Climate.- References.- 5. The Arctic Waters.- Oceanographic Studies.- Hydrographie Conditions in Winter.- Water Masses of the Arctic Domain.- Hydrography of the Arctic Domain.- The Deep Waters.- Discussion.- References.- 6. The Sound-Speed Structure.- Sound Speed in General.- Sound Speed in the Ocean.- Sound Speed in Liquids.- Sound Speed in the Nordic Basin.- Representative Profiles.- Sound-Speed Sections.- Sound Speed in Ocean Fronts.- Geographic and Seasonal Structure.- Sound Speed in Future Applications.- Appendix: Methods for Computating Sound Speed In Sea Water and Their Validities.- Equation For Sound Speed as a Function of Temperature, Salinity, and Pressure.- Transformation of Depth Values to Pressure Values.- Simple Models for Calculating Sound Speed as a Function of Depth.- Calibration of Velocimeters.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 7. Features of Fjord and Ocean Interaction.- Water Masses and Exchange Processes of Fjords.- The Esturine Circulation of Fjords.- Behavior of the Intermediate Water Masses.- External Forcing of Water Exchanges in Fjords.- Renewal of Basin Water in Fjords.- References.- 8. Tides.- Early Tidal Research.- Modern Applications of Tide Models.- Modern Ocean-Tide Research.- Harmonic Decomposition of Tides.- The Mathematical-Empirical Ocean Tide Model.- Major Features of M2 and K1 Ocean Tides.- Acknowledgment.- References.- 9. Bathymetry.- Data Base.- Previous Work.- Results.- Continental Margins.- Basins.- Midocean Ridge.- Fracture Zones.- Band of Features Between Greenland and Scotland.- Greenland-Spitsbergen Sill....