The Politics of Love

What would love be if heterosexual couples were no longer assigned gender and sexual norms? Maxime Foerster answers this question by examining the "heterosexual trouble" between men and women in nineteenth-century French Romantic and Decadent literature. He discloses a recurring pattern in canonical works by authors ranging from George Sand, Germaine de Stael, Benjamin Constant, Alfred de Musset, and Theophile Gautier to Charles Baudelaire and Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly: heterosexuality did not seem to work. In response to nineteenth-century sexual and gender norms meant to enforce masculine domination, these authors transcended the standard battle of the sexes to investigate the struggle of men and women alike against the patriarchal ideology of the heterosexual couple. According to Foerster, Romantic fiction dedicated itself to the reinvention of love, whereas Decadence promoted sexual and gender deviance-both genres working in opposition to profound heteronormative pressures. The heterosexual trouble Foerster uncovers not only points up the disorder and discord affecting fictional heterosexual couples, male and female dandies, and doctors and their allegedly mad female patients, but also shows how literature has played a crucial role in the fashioning of alternative identities-including queer heterosexuality-and in encouraging resistance to rhetorics of normalcy. He concludes this far-reaching study of heterosexual trouble in the nineteenth century by looking ahead to its legacy in the twentieth, in Proust's A la recherche du temps perdu.