The Triumph of the Snake Goddess

Snakes exist in the myths of most societies, often embodying magical, mysterious forces. Snake cults were especially important in eastern India and Bangladesh, where for centuries worshippers of the indigenous snake goddess Manasa resisted the competing religious influences of Indo-Europeans and Muslims. The result was a corpus of verse texts narrating Manasas struggle to win universal adoration. The Triumph of the Snake Goddess is the first comprehensive retelling of this epic tale in modern English. Scholar and poet Kaiser Haq offers a composite prose translation of Manasas story, based on five extant versions. Following the tradition of mangalkavyasBengali verse narratives celebrating the deeds of deities in order to win their blessingsthe tale opens with a creation myth and a synopsis of Indian mythology, zooming in on Manasa, the miraculous child of the god Shiva. Manasa easily wins the allegiance of everyone except the wealthy merchant Chand, who holds fast in his devotion to Shiva despite seeing his sons massacred. A celestial couple is incarnated on earth to fulfill Manasas design: Behula, wife to one of Chands slain sons, undertakes a harrowing odyssey to restore him to life with Manasas help, ultimately persuading Chand to bow to the snake goddess. A prologue by Haq explores the Bengali oral, poetic, and manuscript traditions behind this Hindu folk epica vibrant part of popular Bengali culture, Hindu and Muslim, to this dayand an introduction by Wendy Doniger examines the history and significance of snake worship in classical Sanskrit texts.