University Research and Regional Innovation

4 UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS AND PRIVATE RESEARCH ...45 4. 1. INTRODUCTION ...45 4. 2. THE INNOVATION, PRIVATE RESEARCH AND UNIVERSITY RESEARCH DATA ...46 4. 3. THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS ...50 4. 4. THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY R&D ACTIVITIES ...55 4. 5. THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND ITS RELATION TO INNOVATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ...58 4. 6. SUMMARy ...63 5 LOCAL KNOWLEDGE TRANSFERS: STATE LEVEL ANALYSIS ...67 5. 1. INTRODUCTION ...67 5. 2. STATE ANALYSIS AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE TRANSFERS: SUMMARY OF EARLIER FINDINGS ...68 5. 3. ALTERNATIVE INDICATORS OF LOCAL UNIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE TRANSFERS 72 EMPIRICAL RESULT ...74 5. 4. 5. 5. SUMMARy ...78 6 THE SPATIAL EXTENT OF UNIVERSITY EFFECTS: MSA LEVEL ANALySIS ...81 6. 1. INTRODUCTION ...81 6. 2. THE MODEL ...82 6. 2. ESTIMATION ISSUES ...89 6. 3. EMPIRICAL RESULTS ...90 6. 4. SUMMARy ...97 7 FACTORS GOVERNING UNIVERSITY EFFECTS ...101 7. 1. INTRODUCTION ...101 7. 2. THE EMPIRICAL MODEL ...102 7. 3. REGRESSION RESULTS ...105 7. 4. SPATIAL VARIATION IN THE INTENSITY OF UNIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE TRANSFERS ...1 07 7. 5. THE "CRITICAL MASS" OF AGGLOMERATION ...112 7. 6. SUMMARy ...119 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...121 APPENDIX A: DEFINING HIGH TECHNOLOGY FOR THE EMPIRICAL STUDY ...127 APPENDIX B: VARIABLE DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES ...131 REFERENCES ...135 INDEX ...149 List of Tables Table 2. 1.