Viral Infections of Humans

1 Epidemiological Concepts and Methods.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Definitions and Methods.- 3. The Agent.- 4. The Environment.- 5. Routes of Transmission.- 5.1. Respiratory.- 5.2. Gastrointestinal.- 5.3. Skin.- 5.4. Genital.- 5.5. Genitourinary.- 5.6. Personal Contact.- 5.7. Water and Food.- 5.8. Arthropod Borne.- 6. Pathogenesis.- 6.1. Respiratory.- 6.2. Gastrointestinal.- 6.3. Systemic Infections.- 6.4. The Exanthem.- 6.5. Infections of the Central Nervous System.- 6.6. Persistent Viral Infections.- 7. Incubation Period.- 8. The Immune Response.- 8.1. Humoral Immunity.- 8.2. Local Immunity (Secretory IgA System).- 8.3. Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 8.4. Immune Responses in the Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases.- 9. Patterns of Host Responses.- 9.1. The Biological Gradient.- 9.2. Clinical Syndromes.- 10. Diagnosis of Viral Diseases.- 10.1. Collection.- 10.2. Requests for Testing.- 10.3. Interpretation of Tests.- 11. Proof of Causation.- 12. Control and Prevention.- 13. References.- 14. Suggested Reading.- 2 Surveillance and Seroepidemiology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Surveillance.- 2.1. Historical Background.- 2.2. Elements of Surveillance.- 2.3. Other Surveillance Methods.- 2.4. Surveillance in Research Studies.- 2.5. Publications on Surveillance.- 2.6. Predictive Surveillance.- 3. Seroepidemiology.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Historical Background.- 3.3. Methodology.- 3.4. Advantages and Limitations.- 3.5. Uses of Seroepidemiology.- 4. References.- 3 Adenoviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiological Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Data.- 3.2. Interpretation of Laboratory Tests.- 4. Characteristics of the Virus.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Synopsis of Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.2. Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Specific Syndromes.- 6. Mechanisms and Route of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Pattern of Host Response.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 4 Arboviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiological Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of Virus Affecting the Epidemiological Pattern.- 5. Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Age and Sex.- 5.6. Other Factors.- 6. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Features.- 8.2. Diagnosis.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 10. Characteristics of Selected Arboviruses.- 10.1. Arboviruses of Importance in the United States.- 10.2. Other Arboviruses Affecting Human Beings in the United States.- 10.3. Arboviruses Affecting Human Beings Outside the United States.- 11. Unresolved Problems.- 11.1. The Viruses.- 11.2. The Vectors.- 11.3. The Vertebrate Hosts.- 11.4. Transmission Cycles Involving Virus, Vector, and Vertebrate.- 11.5. Disease in the Vertebrate Host.- 11.6. Control.- 12. References.- 13. Suggested Reading.- 5 Arenaviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology.- 3.1. Mortality.- 3.2. Morbidity.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Diagnosis.- 4. The Viruses.- 4.1. Biochemical and Physical Properties.- 4.2. Morphology and Morphogenesis.- 4.3. Antigenic Properties.- 4.4. Biological Properties.- 5. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 6. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis.- 6.1. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 6.2. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 6.3. Patterns of Host Response.- 6.4. Treatment and Prevention.- 7. Argentinian Hemorrhagic Fever.- 7.1. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 7.2. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 7.3. Patterns of Host Response.- 7.4. Treatment, Control, and Prevention.- 8. Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever.- 8.1. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 8.2. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 8.3.