Women in Pli Buddhism

The Pli tradition presents a diverse and often contradictory picture of women. This book examines womens roles as they are described in the Pli canon and its commentaries. Taking into consideration the wider socio-religious context and drawing from early brahmanical literature and epigraphical findings, it contrasts these descriptions with the doctrinal account of womens spiritual abilities. The book explores gender in the Pli texts in order to delineate what it means to be a woman both in the context in which the texts were composed and in the context of their ultimate goal - that of achieving escape from the round of rebirths. The critical investigation focuses on the internal relationships and dynamics of one tradition and employs a novel methodology, which the author calls "critical sympathy". This assumes that the traditions teaching is valid for all, in particular that its main goal, nibba, is accessible to all human beings. By considering whether and how womens roles fit within this path, the author examines whether women have spiritual agency not only as bhikkhuns (Buddhist nuns), but also as wives and mothers. It offers a new understanding that focuses on how the tradition construes womens traditional roles within an interdependent community. It aims to understand how what many scholars have seen as contradictory and inconsistent characterizations of women in Buddhism have been accepted and endorsed by the Pli tradition. With an aim to show that the Pli canon offers an account of women that is doctrinally coherent and consistent with its sociological facts, this book will be of interest to students and scholars of Buddhism and Asian Religion.