Bioelectrochemistry of Biomembranes and Biomimetic Membranes

Rolando Guidelli obtained his degree in Chemistry at Florence University, Italy, and was appointed by Florence University as a lecturer in Electrochemistry. He was then promoted to full professor of Electrochemistry in the Faculty of Science of Florence University. His scientific interests have been focused on electrode kinetics, structure of the metal/water interface and bioelectrochemistry. He has won several distinguished prizes in the field of electrochemistry and is the author and editor of several book chapters on the topic.  Further, he has served as the organizer of several conferences in the field.

• Preface xi 1 Biological Membranes 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Biological Membranes 21.2.1 The Lipids and the Lipid Bilayer 41.2.2 The Membranes of Cells and Organelles 91.3 The Proteins 121.4 The Membrane Functions 141.4.1 Transport 151.4.2 Signal Transduction 171.4.3 Cell–Cell Recognition 171.4.4 Enzymatic Activity 181.4.5 Intercellular Joining 18References 192 Electrostatics of Biomembranes 212.1 The Electric Field 212.2 Electric Field Created by a Uniform, Infinitely Extended Planar Charge Distribution 232.3 The Parallel-plate Capacitor 272.4 The Dielectric Constant 282.5 The Electric Potential Across a Membrane 302.6 Poisson–Boltzmann Equation and Gouy–Chapman Theory 332.7 Measurement of the Charge Density of the Polar Heads of a Charged Lipid 402.8 Electropermeabilization of Lipid Bilayers 44References 513 Thermodynamics 533.1 Some Concepts of ChemicalThermodynamics 533.2 The Electrochemical Potential 593.3 Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes 613.4 Coupling of Primary and Secondary Active Transport in Biomembranes 683.4.1 Plasma Membranes of Animal Cells 703.4.2 Inner MitochondrialMembrane,Thylakoid Membrane, and Bacterial Plasma Membrane 713.4.3 Membranes of Plant and Fungal Cells 743.4.4 Membranes of the Vesicular System 76References 764 Passive Transport 794.1 How do Ion Channels Look Like? 794.2 The Nernst Equation and the Resting Potential 844.3 A First Approach to the Action Potential 894.4 Single-channel Open Probability 944.4.1 The Variance 984.5 The Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz Equation 1004.6 Open Probability and Gating Charge of Ion Channels 1084.6.1 The Gap Junction 1124.7 RateTheory of Membrane Transport 1154.8 Action Potential Revisited 1174.8.1 The Shape of the Action Potential 1244.8.2 The Gating Current of the Potassium Channel 125References 1275 Active Transport 1295.1 The Ion Pumps 1295.2 Electromotive Force and Inversion Potential of Ion Pumps 1365.3 Energy Levels of the Enzymatic Cycle of Ion Pumps 1385.4 Kinetics of Ion Pumps Under Steady-State Conditions 1445.5 Electrogenicity of the Ion Pumps 1475.6 Kinetics of Ion Pumps Under Pre-Steady-State Conditions 1505.6.1 Ca2+-ATPase of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum 1615.6.2 Na+, K+-ATPase 1665.7 Transporters 1685.7.1 Cotransporters 1685.7.2 Countertransporters 170References 1726 BiomimeticMembranes 1756.1 The Various Types of BiomimeticMembranes 1756.2 Electrochemical Techniques for the Investigation of Biomimetic Membranes 1776.2.1 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 1776.2.2 Potential-Step Chronoamperometry (Current–Time Curves) 1856.2.3 Potential-Step Chronocoulometry 1936.2.4 Cyclic Voltammetry 1986.2.5 AC Voltammetry 2166.3 Lipid Bilayers Interposed Between Two Aqueous Phases 2186.4 Biomimetic Membranes Noncovalently Supported by Metals 2246.4.1 Lipid Monolayers Self-Assembled on Mercury 2246.4.2 Solid-Supported Bilayer Lipid Membranes (sBLMs) 2276.4.3 S-Layer Stabilized Bilayer Lipid Membranes (ssBLMs) 2326.5 Biomimetic Membranes Covalently Supported by Metals 2336.5.1 Alkanethiol/Lipid Hybrid Bilayers 2336.5.2 Tethered Bilayer Lipid Membranes (tBLMs) 2366.5.3 Polymer-Cushioned Bilayer Lipid Membranes (pBLMs) 2426.5.4 Protein-Tethered Bilayer Lipid Membranes (ptBLMs) 2426.6 Conclusions 244References 2487 Auxiliary Techniques 2557.1 Physical Properties of ElectromagneticWaves 2557.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance 2627.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 2727.4 Neutron Reflectivity 2797.5 Fluorescence Microscopy 2867.6 Scanning Probe Microscopy 2967.6.1 Atomic Force Microscopy 2977.6.2 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 3027.7 Langmuir–Blodgett and Langmuir–Schaefer Transfers 3057.8 Quartz-CrystalMicrobalance 310References 314Index 317