Blue Biotechnology

Stephane La Barre is a Senior Research Scientist retired from the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. He obtained his MSc. degree from Auckland University, New Zealand, and his PhD from James Cook University (Townsville, Australia), before entering CNRS in 1984. His multi-disciplinary career includes marine chemical ecology, natural products chemistry of terrestrial and marine organisms and polymer chemistry. Stephane was coordinator of the research cluster BioChiMar (Marine Biodiversity and Chemodiversity), and is currently developing research on new analytical tools to evaluate and predict environmental changes on coral reef diversity, both biological and chemical. Stephen S. Bates is a Scientist Emeritus with Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO). He obtained his MSc. Degree in Marine Biology from the City College of New York, and his PhD in Biological Oceanography from Dalhousie University (Halifax, Canada). He has held post-doctoral positions at the University of Quebec (INRS-Eau), the Bedford Institute of Oceanography (Dartmouth, NS), and the National Research Council (Halifax, NS). His research has centered on the physiological ecology of marine phytoplankton, with special interests in methods for assessing their growth and physiology. At DFO, his specialty has been the physiological ecology of harmful algal blooms, especially those diatom blooms that produce the neurotoxin, domoic acid, which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning.

• Contents to Volume 1Preface xviiPart I Bulk Marine Biomass – Industrial Applications and Potential as Primary Sources 11 Microalgae: A Renewable Resource for Food and Fuels and More 3Susan I. Blackburn and Kim Jye Lee-Chang1.1 Introduction 41.2 Sourcing Microalgae: Algal Culture Collections 41.3 Microalgal Production Systems 71.4 Uses of Microalgal Bioproducts 111.5 Chemotaxonomy: Setting the Stage for Selecting Biofuel Microalgae by Taxonomic Group 131.6 Manipulating Microalgal Lipid Composition with Culture Growth Phase and Conditions 141.7 High-Value Lipids: Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 161.8 High-Value Lipids: Carotenoid Pigments 181.9 High-Value Bioproducts: Polysaccharides 201.10 Wastewater Bioremediation and Bioproducts 201.11 Other Bioapplications and the Potential for Bioengineering 211.12 Conclusions 22Acknowledgments 22References 23About the Authors 322 Commercial-Scale Production of Microalgae for Bioproducts 33Michael Borowitzka2.1 Introduction 332.2 Commercial-Scale Production Systems 342.3 Current Commercial Microalgae and Processes 392.4 Potential New Products from Microalgae 502.5 Regulations and Standards 542.6 Conclusion 55References 56About the Author 653 Ubiquitous Phlorotannins Prospects and Perspectives 67Emeline Creis, Erwan Ar Gall, and Philippe Potin3.1 Historical Background 673.2 Biosynthetic Routes and Chemistry 683.3 Subcellular Localization 723.4 Extraction and Purification of Phlorotannins 733.5 Identification Techniques 843.6 Quantification 893.7 Function of Phlorotannins in Brown Algae 903.8 Phlorotannins: Molecules of Interest in Pharmaceutical, Cosmeceutical, Agriculture Biotechnology, and Industrial Polymer Applications 933.9 Pharmacological Applications 933.10 Conclusions and Prospects 96References 97About the Authors 1154 The Potential of Microalgae for Biotechnology: A Focus on Carotenoids 117Nicolas von Alvensleben and Kirsten Heimann4.1 Introduction 1174.2 Carotenoid Synthesis 1184.3 Functions of Microalgal Carotenoids 1204.4 Functional Benefits of Carotenoids as Nutraceuticals 1264.5 Conclusion 131References 131About the Authors 1425 Applications of Algal Biomass in Global Food and Feed Markets: From Traditional Usage to the Potential for Functional Products 143Yannick Lerat, M. L. Cornish, and Alan T. Critchley5.1 Introduction 1435.2 Algal Products 1445.3 Applications 1615.4 Conclusions 177References 178About the Authors 1886 Phytoplankton Glycerolipids: Challenging but Promising Prospects from Biomedicine to Green Chemistry and Biofuels 191Josselin Lupette and Eric Maréchal6.1 Introduction 1916.2 Fatty Acids, Membrane Glycerolipids, and Triacylglycerol in Phytoplankton 1926.3 General Principles of Glycerolipid Biosynthesis in Photosynthetic Cells 2026.4 Algae-Based Fatty Acids: Technological Challenges and Promising Applications 2056.5 Conclusions 207Acknowledgments 209List of Abbreviations 209References 210About the Authors 2157 The Bioremediation Potential of Seaweeds: Recycling Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Other Waste Products 217Nicolas Neveux, John J. Bolton, Annette Bruhn, David A. Roberts, and Monique Ras7.1 Introduction 2187.2 Ulvales in the Bioremediation of Excess Nutrients 2207.3 Kelps in the Bioremediation of Excess Nutrients 2247.4 Bioremediation of Dissolved Metals with Seaweeds 227Acknowledgments 230References 230About the Authors 2378 Cultivation and Conversion of Tropical Red Seaweed into Food and Feed Ingredients, Agricultural Biostimulants, Renewable Chemicals, and Biofuel 241Shrikumar Suryanarayan, Iain C. Neish, Sailaja Nori, and Nelson Vadassery8.1 Cultivation 2418.2 MUZE Processing 2468.3 MUZE Products from Red Seaweed 247References 259About the Authors 263Part II Marine Molecules for Disease Treatment/Prevention and for Biological Research 2659 Use of Marine Compounds to Treat Ischemic Diseases 267Catherine Boisson-Vidal9.1 History of Natural Marine Products 2689.2 Peripheral Arterial Disease and Cardiovascular Risks: Treatments and Unmet Needs 2749.3 Chemistry 2789.4 Biological Properties 2799.5 Conclusion 288References 288About the Author 29610 Bioinspiration from Marine Scaffolds 297Stephan Böttcher, Angela Di Capua, JohnW. Blunt, and Ronald J. Quinn10.1 History of Marine Natural Products 29710.2 Chemical Space 30110.3 Self-Organizing Maps: Chemical Diversity of Marine NPs versus Plant NPs 31110.4 Conclusion 317References 317About the Authors 32011 Guanidinium Toxins: Natural Biogenic Origin, Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Biotechnological Applications 323Lorena M. Durán-Riveroll, Allan D. Cembella, and José Correa-Basurto11.1 General Introduction to Guanidinium Toxins 32411.2 Biogenic Source and Vector Organisms 32811.3 Chemistry of Guanidinium Toxins 33211.4 Synthesis 34011.5 Mode of Action and Symptomology 34811.6 Existing and Potential Medical and Biotechnological Research Applications 35411.7 Conclusions 35611.8 Future Perspectives 357Acknowledgments 358References 358About the Authors 36912 Carrageenans: New Tools for New Applications 371Sabine Genicot, Aurélie Préchoux, Gaëlle Correc, Nelly Kervarec, Gaëlle Simon, and James S. Craigie12.1 Historical Background 37212.2 Chemistry 37512.3 Modern Uses of Carrageenans 38712.4 Blue Biotechnology for New Products and Applications 38912.5 Future Developments 399Acknowledgments 400References 400About the Authors 41413 Peptide Antibiotics from Marine Microorganisms 417Noer Kasanah13.1 Introduction 41713.2 Searching for New Peptide Antibiotics from Marine Microorganisms 41913.3 Genomic Approach for New Antibiotics 43113.4 Conclusions 436Acknowledgments 436References 436About the Author 44314 Recent Developments and Chemical Diversity of Cone Snails with Special Reference to Indian Cone Snails 445Satheesh Kumar Palanisamy, Senthil Kumar Dhanabalan, and Umamaheswari Sundaresan14.1 Introduction 44514.2 Cone Snails’ Global Distribution and Ecology 44614.3 Research on Indian Cone Snails 45014.4 Biology of Conus 45714.5 Conus Envenomation: Nonfatal and Fatal Reports 45914.6 Chemical Diversity of Cone Snails 46114.7 Diversity of Conopeptides in Indian Cone Snails 46814.8 Therapeutic Application of Conus Conopeptides 47114.9 Recent Developments and Future Directions 47214.10 Concluding Remarks 473Acknowledgments 473References 474About the Authors 48315 Marine Polysaccharides and Their Importance for Human Health 485Paola Laurienzo16 Marennine-Like Pigments: Blue Diatom or Green Oyster Cult? 529Romain Gastineau, Fiddy S. Prasetiya, Charlotte Falaise, Bruno Cognie, Priscilla Decottignies,MichèleMorançais, VonaMéléder, Nikolai Davidovich, François Turcotte, Réjean Tremblay, Pamela Pasetto, Jens Dittmer, Jean-François Bardeau, Jean-Bernard Pouvreau, and Jean-LucMouget17 Bioprospecting and Insights into the Biosynthesis of Natural Products from Marine Microalgae 553Angela H. Soeriyadi, Sarah E. Ongley, Caitlin S. Romanis, and Brett A. Neilan18 Ovothiol: A Potent Natural Antioxidant from Marine Organisms 583Anna Palumbo, Immacolata Castellano, and Alessandra Napolitano19 Bioactive Marine Molecules and Derivatives with Biopharmaceutical Potential 611George Schroeder, Stephen S. Bates, and Stéphane La Barre20 Marine Pigment Diversity: Applications and Potential 643Benoît Serive and Stéphane Bach21 Potential Applications of Natural Bioactive Cyanobacterial UV-Protective Compounds 683Richa, Jainendra Pathak, Arun S. Sonker, Vidya Singh, and Rajeshwar P. Sinha22 Bio-Inspired Molecules Extracted from Marine Macroalgae: A New Generation of Active Ingredients for Cosmetics and Human Health 709Valérie Stiger-Pouvreau and Fabienne Guerard23 Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Marine Dinoflagellate Natural Products 747Wendy K. Strangman,Matthew M. Anttila, and Jeffrey L. C.Wright24 How Fluorescent and Bioluminescent Proteins Have Changed Modern Science 771Marc ZimmerPart III Biostructures, Biomaterials, and Biomolecules for other Applications 78925 Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules Produced by Marine Bacteria 791Florie Desriac, Sophie Rodrigues, Ibtissem Doghri, Sophie Sablé, Isabelle Lanneluc, Yannick Fleury, Alexis Bazire, and Alain Dufour26 Chitin of Poriferan Origin as a Unique Biological Material 821Hermann Ehrlich27 Marine Biominerals with a Biotechnological Future 855Stéphane La Barre and Stephen S. BatesPostface 913Index 915Contents to Volume 1Preface xviiPart I Bulk Marine Biomass – Industrial Applications and Potential as Primary Sources 11 Microalgae: A Renewable Resource for Food and Fuels and More 3Susan I. Blackburn and Kim Jye Lee-Chang2 Commercial-Scale Production of Microalgae for Bioproducts 33Michael Borowitzka3 Ubiquitous Phlorotannins Prospects and Perspectives 67Emeline Creis, Erwan Ar Gall, and Philippe Potin4 The Potential of Microalgae for Biotechnology: A Focus on Carotenoids 117Nicolas von Alvensleben and Kirsten Heimann5 Applications of Algal Biomass in Global Food and Feed Markets: From Traditional Usage to the Potential for Functional Products 143Yannick Lerat, M. L. Cornish, and Alan T. Critchley6 Phytoplankton Glycerolipids: Challenging but Promising Prospects from Biomedicine to Green Chemistry and Biofuels 191Josselin Lupette and Eric Maréchal7 The Bioremediation Potential of Seaweeds: Recycling Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Other Waste Products 217Nicolas Neveux, John J. Bolton, Annette Bruhn, David A. Roberts, and Monique Ras8 Cultivation and Conversion of Tropical Red Seaweed into Food and Feed Ingredients, Agricultural Biostimulants, Renewable Chemicals, and Biofuel 241Shrikumar Suryanarayan, Iain C. Neish, Sailaja Nori, and Nelson VadasseryPart II Marine Molecules for Disease Treatment/Prevention and for Biological Research 2659 Use of Marine Compounds to Treat Ischemic Diseases 267Catherine Boisson-Vidal10 Bioinspiration from Marine Scaffolds 297Stephan Böttcher, Angela Di Capua, JohnW. Blunt, and Ronald J. Quinn11 Guanidinium Toxins: Natural Biogenic Origin, Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Biotechnological Applications 323Lorena M. Durán-Riveroll, Allan D. Cembella, and José Correa-Basurto12 Carrageenans: New Tools for New Applications 371Sabine Genicot, Aurélie Préchoux, Gaëlle Correc, Nelly Kervarec, Gaëlle Simon, and James S. Craigie13 Peptide Antibiotics from Marine Microorganisms 417Noer Kasanah14 Recent Developments and Chemical Diversity of Cone Snails with Special Reference to Indian Cone Snails 445Satheesh Kumar Palanisamy, Senthil Kumar Dhanabalan, and Umamaheswari SundaresanContents to Volume 2Preface xv15 Marine Polysaccharides and Their Importance for Human Health 485Paola Laurienzo15.1 General Properties of Polysaccharides 48515.2 Marine Polysaccharides from Macroalgae 49515.2.1 Sulfated Polysaccharides 49515.3 Marine Polysaccharides from Marine Animals 50315.4 Marine Polysaccharides (EPS) from Microalgae 51315.5 Conclusions 515Dedication 515References 515About the Author 52716 Marennine-Like Pigments: Blue Diatom or Green Oyster Cult? 529Romain Gastineau, Fiddy S. Prasetiya, Charlotte Falaise, Bruno Cognie, Priscilla Decottignies,MichèleMorançais, VonaMéléder, Nikolai Davidovich, François Turcotte, Réjean Tremblay, Pamela Pasetto, Jens Dittmer, Jean-François Bardeau, Jean-Bernard Pouvreau, and Jean-LucMouget16.1 Introduction 53016.2 Background on the Biodiversity of Blue Haslea Species and Marennine-Like Pigments 53116.3 Green Oysters: The Bivalve Point of View 53216.4 Can Histology Elucidate the Greening Mechanism? 53616.5 Raman Spectroscopy for Sensing Haslea ostrearia, Marennine, and Green-Gill Oysters 53616.6 Advances in Elucidating the Structure of Marennine-Like Pigments 53816.7 Colorimetric Analyses 53916.8 Can Blue Haslea Species Be Considered as Probiotics for Use in Aquaculture? 54116.9 Potential Applications for Blue Biotechnologies and Current Issues 54216.10 Conclusion 544Acknowledgments 544References 544About the Authors 54917 Bioprospecting and Insights into the Biosynthesis of Natural Products from Marine Microalgae 553Angela H. Soeriyadi, Sarah E. Ongley, Caitlin S. Romanis, and Brett A. Neilan17.1 Introduction 55317.2 Biosynthesis of Natural Products from Cyanobacteria 55617.3 Tools for the Discovery and Characterization of Marine Bioactive Natural Products 56817.4 Conclusions 569Acknowledgment 570References 570About the Authors 58118 Ovothiol: A Potent Natural Antioxidant from Marine Organisms 583Anna Palumbo, Immacolata Castellano, and Alessandra Napolitano18.1 Historical Background 58318.2 Occurrence of Ovothiols 58618.3 Chemistry 58718.4 Biosynthesis 59518.5 Biological Roles of Ovothiols 59818.6 Ovothiol Derivatives 60118.7 Biological Activities of Ovothiols 60318.8 Conclusions 604References 604About the Authors 60919 Bioactive Marine Molecules and Derivatives with Biopharmaceutical Potential 611George Schroeder, Stephen S. Bates, and Stéphane La Barre19.1 Introduction 61219.2 Challenges Facing the Discovery and Development of Marine Biopharmaceuticals 61319.3 Bioactive Metabolites and Molecules 61419.4 Methods Used in Biopharmaceutical Research: “From Molecule to Market” 62319.5 Conclusions 632References 633About the Authors 64020 Marine Pigment Diversity: Applications and Potential 643Benoît Serive and Stéphane Bach20.1 Introduction 64420.2 Pigments in Aquaculture 65020.3 Pigments for Cosmetics and Cosmeceutical Applications 65120.4 Pigments in Functional Food and Nutraceuticals 65320.5 Pigments for Pharmaceuticals and Therapies 65620.6 Pigments in Other Applications 66520.7 Sourcing and Beyond 66720.8 Conclusion 671Acknowledgment 672Funding 673References 673About the Authors 68021 Potential Applications of Natural Bioactive Cyanobacterial UV-Protective Compounds 683Richa, Jainendra Pathak, Arun S. Sonker, Vidya Singh, and Rajeshwar P. Sinha21.1 Introduction 68321.2 UV Screening Compounds 68521.3 Biosynthesis of Cyanobacterial Photoprotective Compounds 68721.4 Functions and Applications of UV Protective Compounds 69321.5 Conclusion 697Acknowledgments 698References 698About the Authors 70622 Bio-Inspired Molecules Extracted from Marine Macroalgae: A New Generation of Active Ingredients for Cosmetics and Human Health 709Valérie Stiger-Pouvreau and Fabienne Guerard22.1 What are Marine Macroalgae/Seaweeds? 70922.2 Life in the Marine Environment and Its Constraints 71022.3 Selected Chemical Strategies Developed by Macroalgae 71222.4 Extraction of Ingredients (Osmolytes, Polyphenols, and Alginates) 72022.5 Cosmetological Applications of Ingredients 72222.6 Medical Applications of Ingredients: Wound Dressing and Skin Regeneration 72822.7 Conclusion 734References 735About the Authors 74623 Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Marine Dinoflagellate Natural Products 747Wendy K. Strangman, Matthew M. Anttila, and Jeffrey L. C.Wright23.1 Introduction 74723.2 Neosaxitoxin and Gonyautoxin: A New Class of Analgesics 74823.3 Brevenal: A Potential New Therapeutic for Cystic Fibrosis 75423.4 Cyclic Imine Toxins: Potential Neurodegenerative Disease Drug Leads 75623.5 Neuropharmacology and Biotechnology Applications of Cyclic Imine Toxins 76023.6 Conclusions 762References 762About the Authors 76924 How Fluorescent and Bioluminescent Proteins Have Changed Modern Science 771Marc Zimmer24.1 Introduction 77124.2 Bioluminescence 77124.3 Organisms that Fluorescence 77724.4 Conclusion 782References 784About the Author 788Part III Biostructures, Biomaterials, and Biomolecules for other Applications 78925 Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules Produced by Marine Bacteria 791Florie Desriac, Sophie Rodrigues, Ibtissem Doghri, Sophie Sablé, Isabelle Lanneluc, Yannick Fleury, Alexis Bazire, and Alain Dufour25.1 Introduction 79125.2 Antimicrobial Compounds from Marine Bacteria 79325.3 Antibiofilm Molecules 79625.4 AlpP and LodA: More Than Just Antimicrobial Proteins 80325.5 Conclusion 808Acknowledgments 809References 809About the Authors 81926 Chitin of Poriferan Origin as a Unique Biological Material 821Hermann Ehrlich26.1 Historical Background 82126.2 Sponges (Porifera) as a Source of Chitin 82326.3 Principles of Sponge Chitin Isolation and Identification 83026.4 Structural and Physicochemical Properties of Sponge Chitin 83526.5 Poriferan Chitin, Tissue Engineering, and Stem Cell Research 83726.6 Poriferan Chitin and Extreme Biomimetics 84226.7 Conclusions 845Acknowledgments 847References 847About the Author 85327 Marine Biominerals with a Biotechnological Future 855Stéphane La Barre and Stephen S. Bates27.1 Introduction 85627.2 Calcium Carbonate-Based Biominerals 85927.3 Silica-Based Marine Biominerals 87027.4 Heavy-Metal Bioaccumulations 87827.5 Marine Biominerals and Composites in Novel Technologies 88227.6 Biointegrative Solutions from Nano to Macro to Giga 897Acknowledgments 898References 898About the Authors 912Postface 913Index 915