Eurasian Business and Economics Perspectives

EBES conferences have been an intellectual hub for academic discussion in economics, finance, and business fields and provide network opportunities for participants to make long-lasting academic cooperation. This volume of Springers book series Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics includes selected papers presented at the 43rd EBES Conference, held in Madrid (Spain) in April 2023. The conference was organized with the support of the Istanbul Economic Research Association (Turkey) in hybrid mode with both online and in-person presentations at the Faculty of Economics and Business at the Complutense University in Madrid, Spain. Both theoretical and empirical papers in this volume cover diverse areas of business, economics, and finance from many different regions. Therefore, it provides a great opportunity for colleagues, professionals, and students to catch up with the most recent studies in different fields and empirical findings in many countries and regions.