Polymer Coatings

A Guide to Chemistry, Characterization, and Selected Applications

Inbunden, Engelska, 2018

Av Gijsbertus de With, The Netherlands) de With, Gijsbertus (Technical University of Eindhoven, Gijsbertus de with

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A practical guide to polymer coatings that covers all aspects from materials to applications Polymer Coatings is a practical resource that offers an overview of the fundamentals to the synthesis, characterization, deposition methods, and recent developments of polymer coatings. The text includes information about the different polymers and polymer networks in use, resins for solvent- and water-based coatings, and a variety of additives. It presents deposition methods that encompass frequently used mechanical and electrochemical approaches, in addition to the physical-chemical aspects of the coating process. The author covers the available characterization methods including spectroscopic, morphological, thermal and mechanical techniques.The comprehensive text also reviews developments in selected technology areas such as electrically conductive, anti-fouling, and self-replenishing coatings. The author includes insight into the present status of the research field, describes systems currently under investigation, and draws our attention to yet to be explored systems. This important text:• Offers a thorough overview of polymer coatings and their applications• Covers different classes of materials, deposition methods, coating processes, and ways of characterization• Contains a text that is designed to be accessible and helps to apply the acquired knowledge immediately• Includes information on selected areas of research with imminent application potential for functional coatingsWritten for chemists in industry, materials scientists, polymer chemists, and physical chemists, Polymer Coatings offers a text that contains the information needed to gain an understanding of the charaterization and applications of polymer coatings.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2018-09-05
Mått175 x 249 x 31 mm
Vikt1 247 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor600
FörlagWiley-VCH Verlag GmbH
ISBN9783527342105

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Gijsbertus de With has been full professor in materials science at Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) since 1995. After graduating from Utrecht University and receiving his PhD in 1977 from Twente University, he joined Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven. In 1985 he was appointed part-time professor and in 1995 he became full professor at TU/e. His research interests include structure and interfacial phenomena related to the chemical and thermomechanical behavior of multi-phase materials. He has (co)-authored more than 350 research papers and holds about 15 patents. Throughout he has cooperated with other researchers, both from academia and industry and co-organized the Coatings Science International conferences from 2004 to 2014. In 2006 his two-volume monograph Structure, Deformation, and Integrity of Materials was published, followed by Liquid-state Physical Chemistry in 2013.

Preface xvAcknowledgments xviiList of Most Important Symbols and Abbreviations xix1 Introduction 11.1 Scope 11.2 The Importance of Polymer Coatings 21.3 The General Constitution of Polymer Coatings 51.3.1 Binders and Crosslinkers 61.3.2 Pigments and Fillers 81.3.3 Additives 121.3.4 Solvents 121.4 Coating Requirements 141.5 Outline and Approach 15References 16Further Reading 162 Polymers and Network Characteristics 192.1 Polymers 192.1.1 Polymer Conformations 222.1.2 Entanglements 232.1.3 Crystallinity 242.1.4 Amorphous Polymers 262.2 Polymer Formation 302.2.1 Step-growth Polymerization 312.2.2 Branching and Gelation 332.2.3 Limits to the Preparation of Branched Polymers 362.2.4 Chain-growth Polymerization 382.3 Polymer Networks 412.4 Final Remarks 45References 45Further Reading 463 Thermoset Resins 473.1 Petro-based Thermoset Resins 473.2 Epoxy Systems 473.3 Acrylates and Acrylics 513.4 Isocyanates 533.5 Polyurethanes 553.6 Polyesters 563.7 Renewable Raw Materials 573.8 Drying Oils 633.9 Alkyds 65References 68Further Reading 694 Basic Coating Formulations 714.1 Coating Compositions in General 714.2 Solventborne Formulations 724.2.1 Solventborne High Solids Formulations 754.2.2 Chemistries of Solventborne High Solids Formulations 804.3 Waterborne Formulations 854.3.1 Chemistries of Waterborne Formulations 904.3.2 Challenges and Applications of Waterborne Formulations 934.4 Radiation Curing Formulations 964.4.1 Photoinitiators 974.4.2 Chemistries of Radiation Curing Formulations 994.4.3 Chemistries of Powder Coating Formulations 1034.4.4 Pros and Cons of Radiation Curing 1054.5 Final Remarks 106References 108Further Reading 1085 Additives and Particulates 1095.1 Types of Additives 1095.2 Thickeners 1105.2.1 Inorganic Thickeners 1105.2.2 Organic Thickeners 1125.3 Surface Active Agents 1165.3.1 Wetting and Dispersing Agents 1175.3.2 Antifoaming Agents 1175.3.3 Adhesion Promoters 1185.4 Surface Modiﬁers 1205.5 Leveling and Coalescing Agents 1205.6 Catalytically Active Additives 1215.6.1 Dryers 1225.6.2 Other Catalysts 1235.7 Special Eﬀect Additives 1285.8 Particulates 130References 133Further Reading 1346 Application Methods 1356.1 Conventional Deposition Techniques 1356.1.1 Brushing and Rolling 1356.1.2 Spraying 1366.2 Laboratory and Industrial Methods 1386.2.1 Doctor Blade Coating 1386.2.2 Spin Coating 1396.2.3 Dip Coating 1416.3 Powder Coating 1426.4 An Example: Automotive Coatings 1476.4.1 Electrodeposition 1476.4.2 The Automotive Coating Buildup 1506.5 Network Formation Assessment 151References 152Further Reading 1527 Physical–Chemical Aspects 1557.1 Intermolecular and Mesoscopic Interactions 1557.1.1 Intermolecular Interactions 1557.1.2 Mesoscopic Interactions: Continuum Aspects 1597.1.3 Lifshitz Theory 1647.1.4 The Derjaguin Approximation 1667.1.5 Mesoscopic Interactions: Molecular Aspects 1677.2 Polymer Solubility 1707.3 Interfacial Aspects 1737.3.1 Surface Thermodynamics 1737.3.2 Representative Behavior 1787.3.3 Wetting of Ideal Surfaces 1817.3.4 Estimating Surface Helmholtz Energy 1847.3.5 Wetting of Real Surfaces 1897.4 Dispersions 1937.5 Emulsions 1967.5.1 Basic Types of Emulsions 1967.5.2 The HLB Concept 1987.6 Coagulation Kinetics 2027.6.1 Unhindered Coagulation 2027.6.2 Hindered Coagulation 2047.7 Self-assembly 2077.7.1 SCF Computations 2077.7.2 An Example: Surfactant Modeling 2097.7.3 Another Example: Fluorine Segregation 2127.8 Final Remarks 213References 213Further Reading 2198 Chemical and Morphological Characterization 2218.1 The Need for Characterization 2218.2 IR and Raman Spectroscopy 2228.3 NMR 2278.4 Functional Group Analysis 2368.5 XPS, SIMS, and LEIS 2398.6 SEC 2418.7 MALDI–MS 2428.8 XRD 2458.9 Optical Microscopy 2508.9.1 Phase Contrast Microscopy 2538.9.2 Fluorescence Microscopy 2548.9.3 Confocal Scanning Microscopy 2548.9.4 Polarized Light Microscopy 2558.10 Electron Microscopy 2568.10.1 TEM 2568.10.2 SEM 2598.10.3 STEM 2608.10.4 Sample Preparation and Related Issues 2608.11 Surface Probe Microscopy 2628.12 Thickness and Beyond 2658.13 Final Remarks 266References 266Further Reading 2719 Thermal and Mechanical Characterization 2739.1 Thermal Characterization 2739.1.1 DSC 2739.1.2 TGA 2779.2 Permeability–Diﬀusivity–Solubility Analysis 2789.3 Mechanical Constitutive Behavior 2859.3.1 Analogous Models 2889.3.2 Generalization: The Boltzmann Superposition Principle 2919.3.3 Dynamic Response 2939.3.4 The Time–Temperature Equivalence 2969.3.5 The Free Volume and Other Approaches 2979.4 A Brief Review of Experimental Data 3009.4.1 Local and Cooperative Processes 3019.4.2 Chain Motion 3039.4.3 Mechanisms in Partially Crystalline Materials 3069.5 Mechanical Characterization 3079.5.1 DMTA 3079.6 Hardness 3129.6.1 Vickers, Knoop, Berkovich, and Brinell Hardness 3129.6.2 Nanoindentation 3149.6.3 Estimating the Stress–Strain Curve 3159.6.4 Empirical Hardness Tests 3169.7 Internal Stress Analysis 3179.8 Adherence 3199.8.1 Thermodynamic Considerations 3199.8.2 Thermomechanical Considerations: Monoliths 3239.8.3 Thermomechanical Considerations: Bimaterials 3309.8.4 Coating Adherence 3349.8.5 Testing Coating Adherence 3379.8.6 Practical Tests 3419.9 Final Remarks 342References 342Further Reading 34510 Rheological Aspects 34710.1 The Importance of Rheology 34710.2 Rheological Characterization 34810.2.1 Hydrodynamic Interactions 35210.2.2 Dissolvable Polymers 35910.3 Rheological Control of Paints 36210.3.1 Powder Coatings 36210.3.2 Thickening in Waterborne Paints 36310.4 Viscosity of Paints During Curing 366References 368Further Reading 37011 Appearance 37111.1 Defects 37111.2 The Characterization of Color 37911.2.1 Light Sources 38011.2.2 Color Sensing, Perception, and Quantiﬁcation 38111.2.3 Scattering, Absorption, and Color 38411.2.4 Addition and Subtraction Systems 38711.2.5 Color Tolerancing 39111.3 The Characterization of Feel or Haptic Property 39311.3.1 QDA of Haptic Coatings: An Example 394References 397Further Reading 39812 Electrically Conductive Coatings 39912.1 Typical Applications 39912.2 Electrical Conductivity Measurements 40112.3 Intrinsically Conductive Polymers 40312.3.1 Some Conductivity Theory 40612.3.2 Simple Band Theory 40712.3.3 Doping 41312.3.4 Hopping 41612.4 An Example: P3HT/PCBM Photovoltaics 41812.5 Conductive Composites 42312.5.1 A Glimpse of Percolation Theory 42312.5.2 Other Approaches 42812.5.3 The Inﬂuence of Aspect Ratio 43012.5.4 Conductive Particles 43112.6 Some Examples of Conductive Composite Coatings 434References 438Further Reading 44113 Marine Anti-fouling Coatings 44313.1 Marine Biofouling 44313.2 Evolution of Marine Coatings toward Green Anti-fouling Approaches 44513.3 Principles for Preventing Adhesion or Promoting Detachment of Biofoulants 44813.4 Nontoxic, Non-biocide-release Anti-fouling Coatings 45113.4.1 Detachment of Biofoulants 45113.4.1.1 Silicone-based Materials 45313.4.1.2 Fluorine-based Materials 45813.4.1.3 Combined Fluorine–Silicone-based Materials 46113.4.2 Preventing Attachment of Biofoulants 46213.4.2.1 PEG-based Materials 46313.4.2.2 Self-assembled Monolayers 46513.4.2.3 Other Approaches 46613.5 Recent and Future Approaches 46913.5.1 Amphiphilic Approach 46913.5.2 Topographic Approach 47213.6 Final Remarks 475References 475Further Reading 47914 Self-replenishing and Self-healing Coatings 48114.1 Self-healing and Self-replenishing: Scope and Limitations 48114.2 Damage Recovery on Diﬀerent Length Scales: Preemptive Healing 48214.3 Approaches to Self-healing Coatings 48614.3.1 Encapsulated Liquid Binders and Particles 48714.3.2 Deformation and Recovery in Networks 48914.3.3 Stress Relaxation in Reversible Networks 49314.3.4 Reversible Covalent Networks 49814.4 Industrial Practice 50214.5 Approaches to Self-replenishing Coatings 50414.5.1 Barrier and Corrosion Protection 50514.5.2 Interfacial Bonding Between Dissimilar Materials 50614.6 Self-replenishing Low Surface Energy Coatings 50814.6.1 Low Surface Energy (Hydrophobic) Polymeric Coatings 50914.6.2 Time Recovery of the Surface Self-replenishing 51414.6.3 Surface-structured Superhydrophobic Polymeric Coatings 51514.6.4 Further Remarks 52114.7 Scenarios for Further Options 52214.7.1 Residual Network Reactivity 52214.7.2 Segregation of Interactive Chain Ends 52314.7.3 Multilayer and Graded Coatings 52414.8 Final Remarks 524References 525Further Reading 53115 What’s Next 53315.1 Generic Problems and Challenges 53315.2 What Else? 53515.3 What’s Next? 537References 538Appendix A: Units, Physical Constants, and Conversion Factors 541Basic and Derived SI Units 541Physical Constants 541Conversion Factors for Non-SI Units 542Preﬁxes 542Greek Alphabet 542Standard Values 543Appendix B: Data 545Index 549