Radio Propagation Measurement and Channel Modelling

Inbunden, Engelska, 2013

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While there are numerous books describing modern wireless communication systems that contain overviews of radio propagation and radio channel modelling, there are none that contain detailed information on the design, implementation and calibration of radio channel measurement equipment, the planning of experiments and the in depth analysis of measured data. The book would begin with an explanation of the fundamentals of radio wave propagation and progress through a series of topics, including the measurement of radio channel characteristics, radio channel sounders, measurement strategies, data analysis techniques and radio channel modelling. Application of results for the prediction of achievable digital link performance would be discussed with examples pertinent to single carrier, multi-carrier and spread spectrum radio links. This work would address specifics of communications in various different frequency bands for both long range and short range fixed and mobile radio links.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2013-04-05
Mått176 x 252 x 25 mm
Vikt771 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor424
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9780470751848

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Elektronik och kommunikationer inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

Foreword xiiiPreface xvList of Symbols xviiAcronyms and Abbreviations xix1 Radio Wave Fundamentals 11.1 Maxwell’s Equations 11.2 Free Space Propagation 31.3 Uniform Plane Wave Propagation 31.4 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic and Homogeneous Media 51.5 Wave Polarization 81.6 Propagation Mechanisms 111.6.1 Reflection by an Isotropic Material 121.6.2 Reflection/Refraction by an Anisotropic Material 181.6.3 Diffuse Reflection/Scattering 191.6.4 Diffraction 201.7 Propagation in the Earth’s Atmosphere 211.7.1 Properties of the Earth’s Atmosphere 211.7.2 Radio Waves in the Ionosphere 251.8 Frequency Dispersion of Radio Waves 291.8.1 Phase Velocity versus Group Velocity 301.8.2 Group Path versus Phase Path 311.8.3 Phase Path Stability: Doppler Shift/Dispersion 32References 332 Radio Wave Transmission 352.1 Free Space Transmission 352.1.1 Path Loss 352.1.2 Relating Power to the Electric Field 372.2 Transmission Loss of Radio Waves in the Earth’s Atmosphere 382.2.1 Attenuation due to Gases in the Lower Atmosphere and Rain: Troposphere 382.2.2 Attenuation of Radio Waves in an Ionized Medium: Ionosphere 412.3 Attenuation Due to Propagation into Buildings 432.4 Transmission Loss due to Penetration into Vehicles 462.5 Diffraction Loss 492.5.1 Fundamentals of Diffraction Loss: Huygen’s Principle 492.5.2 Diffraction Loss Due to a Single Knife Edge: Fresnel Integral Approach 502.6 Diffraction Loss Models 542.6.1 Single Knife Edge Diffraction Loss 542.6.2 Multiple Edge Diffraction Loss 552.7 Path Loss Due to Scattering 572.8 Multipath Propagation: Two-Ray Model 572.8.1 Two-Ray Model in a Nondispersive Medium 582.8.2 Two-Ray Model due to LOS and Ground Reflected Wave: Plane Earth Model 592.8.3 Two-Ray Propagation via the Ionosphere 632.9 General Multipath Propagation 662.9.1 Time Dispersion due to Multipath Propagation 662.9.2 Effects of Multipath Propagation in Frequency, Time and Space 692.10 Shadow Fading: Medium Scale 772.11 Measurement-Based Large-Scale Path Loss Models 78References 823 Radio Channel Models 853.1 System Model for Ideal Channel: Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Model 853.2 Narrowband Single Input–Single Output Channels 873.2.1 Single-Path Model 873.2.2 Multipath Scattering Model 883.3 Wideband Single Input–Single Output Channels 933.3.1 Single-Path Time-Invariant Frequency Dispersive Channel Model 933.3.2 Single-Path Time-Variant Frequency Dispersive Channel 983.3.3 Multipath Model in a Nonfrequency Dispersive Time-Invariant Channel 993.3.4 Multipath Propagation in a Nonfrequency Dispersive Time-Variant Channel 1043.3.5 Multipath Propagation in a Frequency Dispersive Time-Variant Channel 1063.4 System Functions in a Linear Randomly Time-Variant Channel 1063.5 Simplified Channel Functions 1083.5.1 The Wide-Sense Stationary (WSS) Channel 1083.5.2 The Uncorrelated Scattering Channel (US) 1093.5.3 The Wide-Sense Stationary Uncorrelated Scattering Channel (WSSUS) 1093.6 Coherence Functions 1103.7 Power Delay Profile and Doppler Spectrum 1113.8 Parameters of the Power Delay Profile and Doppler Spectrum 1113.8.1 First and Second Order Moments 1113.8.2 Delay Window and Delay Interval 1143.8.3 Angular Dispersion 1153.9 The Two-Ray Model Revisited in a Stochastic Channel 1153.10 Multiple Input–Multiple Output Channels 1153.10.1 Desirable Channel Properties for Narrowband MIMO Systems 1163.10.2 MIMO Capacity for Spatial Multiplexing 1183.11 Capacity Limitations for MIMO Systems 1203.12 Effect of Correlation Using Stochastic Models 1203.12.1 Capacity Expressions Based on Stochastic Correlation Models 1213.12.2 Capacity Expressions Based on Uniform and Exponential Correlation Models 1223.12.3 The Kronecker Stochastic Model 1233.13 Correlation Effects with Physical Channel Models 1233.13.1 Distributed Scattering Model 1243.13.2 Single-Ring Model 1253.13.3 Double-Ring Model 1263.13.4 COST 259 Models 1273.13.5 Multidimensional Parametric Channel Model 1273.13.6 Effect of Antenna Separation, Antenna Coupling and Angular Spread on Channel Capacity 1283.13.7 Effect of Mutual Coupling 1303.14 Effect of Number of Scatterers on Channel Capacity 1343.14.1 Free Space Propagation 1353.14.2 Limited Number of Multipath Components 1363.15 Keyholes 1373.16 Rician Channels 1413.17 Wideband MIMO Channels 1433.17.1 Wideband Channel Model 145References 1454 Radio Channel Sounders 1494.1 Echoes of Sound and Radio 1494.2 Definitions and Objectives of Radio Sounders and Radar 1514.2.1 Modes of Operation 1514.2.2 Basic Parameters 1524.3 Waveforms 1524.4 Single-Tone CW Waveforms 1534.4.1 Analysis of a Single-Tone System 1534.5 Single-Tone Measurements 1584.5.1 Measurement Configurations 1584.5.2 Triggering of Data Acquisition 1604.5.3 Strategy of CW Measurements 1624.6 Spaced Tone Waveform 1644.7 Pulse Waveform 1664.7.1 Properties of the Pulse Waveform 1674.7.2 Factors Affecting the Resolution of Pulse Waveforms 1714.7.3 Typical Configuration of a Pulse Sounder 1714.7.4 Practical Considerations for Pulse Sounding 1714.8 Pulse Compression Waveforms 1744.8.1 Ideal Correlation Properties of Pulse Compression Sounding Waveforms 1754.8.2 Pulse Compression Detectors 1774.8.3 Comment on Pulse Compression Detectors 1804.9 Coded Pulse Signals 1824.9.1 Barker Codes (1953) 1824.9.2 PRBS Codes 1844.9.3 PRBS Related Codes: Gold Codes 1924.9.4 Kasami Code 1944.9.5 Loosely Synchronous Codes 1964.10 Serial Correlation Detection of Coded Transmission 1964.10.1 Sliding Correlator 1964.10.2 Stepped Cross Correlator 1984.11 Comment Regarding Coded Transmission 1984.12 Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) Signal 1994.12.1 Matched Filter Detector 1994.12.2 Heterodyne Detector of FMCW Signals 2034.12.3 Practical Consideration of Detection Methods of FMCW Signals 2074.13 Range Doppler Ambiguity of Chirp Signals: Advanced Waveforms 2074.13.1 Three-Cell Structure 2084.13.2 Multiple WRF Structure 2104.13.3 Target Movement 2114.13.4 Doppler Shift Estimation 2114.14 Architectures of Chirp Sounders 2134.15 Monostatic Operation of FMCW Sounder/Radar 2174.15.1 Reduction of Effective Mean Received Power 2184.15.2 Spreading of the Spectrum and Interference 2194.15.3 Blind Ranges and Range Ambiguity 2204.15.4 Selection Criteria for Switching Sequences 2214.15.5 Considerations for Edge Weighting 2244.15.6 Length of the Window 2244.15.7 Window Functions 2244.15.8 Interpolation and Quantization 2254.16 Single and Multiple Antenna Sounder Architectures 2254.16.1 Single Input Single Output (SISO) Sounders 2264.16.2 MISO, SIMO and MIMO Measurements with SISO Sounders 2274.16.3 Semi-Sequential MIMO Sounders 2284.16.4 Parallel MIMO Sounders 2284.17 Ultra-wideband (UWB) Channel Sounders 2324.18 Sounder Design 2334.18.1 Sounder for Indoor Radio Channels in the UHF Band 2394.18.2 Sounder for UHF Frequency Division Duplex Links for Outdoor Radio Channels 2394.18.3 Sounder for Multiple Frequency Links for Outdoor Radio Channels 2394.19 Performance Tests of a Channel Sounder and Calibration 2394.19.1 Ambiguity Function 2414.19.2 Linearity Test 2424.19.3 Frequency Response 2434.19.4 Calibration of Automatic Gain Control 2434.19.5 Isolation between Multiple Channels 2454.19.6 Sensitivity and Dynamic Range 2464.19.7 Effect of Interference on the Dynamic Range 2494.19.8 Stability of Frequency Sources 2514.19.9 Temperature Variations 2514.20 Overall Data Acquisition and Calibration 251References 2515 Data Analysis 2555.1 Data Validation 2555.2 Spectral Analysis via the Discrete Fourier Transform 2565.3 DFT Analysis of the FMCW Channel Sounder Using a Heterodyne Detector 2595.3.1 Snapshot Impulse Response Analysis 2605.3.2 Frequency Response Analysis 2635.3.3 Estimation of the Delay Doppler Function 2665.4 Spectral Analysis of Network Analyzer Data via the IDFT 2685.5 DFT Analysis of CW Measurements for Estimation of the Doppler Spectrum 2685.6 Estimation of the Channel Frequency Response via the Hilbert Transform 2695.7 Parametric Modelling 2695.7.1 ARMA Modelling 2715.7.2 AR Modelling 2715.7.3 Practical Implementation of Parametric Modelling 2715.7.4 Parametric Modelling for Interference Reduction 2725.7.5 Parametric Modelling for Enhancement of Multipath Resolution 2745.8 Estimation of Power Delay Profile 2765.8.1 Noise Threshold 2775.8.2 Stationarity Test 2805.9 Small-Scale Characterization 2865.9.1 Time Domain Parameters 2875.9.2 Estimation of the Coherent Bandwidth 2885.9.3 Statistical Modelling of the Time Variations of the Channel Response 2915.10 Medium/Large-Scale Characterization 2925.10.1 CDF Representation 2925.10.2 Estimation of Path Loss 2935.10.3 Relating RMS Delay Spread to Path Loss and Distance 2965.10.4 Frequency Dependence of Channel Parameters 2995.11 Multiple Antenna Array Processing for Estimation of Direction of Arrival 3015.11.1 Theoretical Considerations for the Estimation of Direction of Arrival 3035.11.2 Spectral-Based Array Processing Techniques 3085.11.3 Parametric Methods 3125.11.4 Joint Parametric Techniques 3165.12 Practical Considerations of DOA Estimation 3195.12.1 Choice of Antenna Array 3205.12.2 Array Calibration 3225.12.3 Estimation of Direction of Arrival 3265.12.4 Estimation of Direction of the Arrival/Direction of Departure 3315.13 Estimation of MIMO Capacity 333References 3336 Radio Link Performance Prediction 3376.1 Radio Link Simulators 3376.2 Narrowband Stochastic Radio Channel Simulator 3386.2.1 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Simulator 3396.2.2 Filtered Noise Method 3396.2.3 Sum of Sinusoids Method (Jakes Method) 3416.2.4 Frequency Domain Method 3436.2.5 Reverberation Chambers (or Mode-Stirred Chambers) 3446.3 Wideband Stochastic Channel Simulator 3466.3.1 Time Domain Channel Simulators 3466.3.2 Frequency Domain Simulators 3486.4 Frequency Domain Implementation Using Fast Convolution 3496.5 Channel Block Realization from Measured Data 3516.6 Theoretical Prediction of System Performance in Additive White Gaussian Noise 3536.6.1 Matched Filter and Correlation Detector 3546.6.2 Bit Error Rate of the Matched Filter Detector in AWGN 3566.6.3 Bit Error Rate with Noncoherent Detectors 3576.6.4 Comparison of BER of Coherent and Noncoherent Detectors 3586.6.5 Higher Order Modulation 3586.7 Prediction of System Performance in Fading Channels 3616.7.1 Narrowband Signals 3616.7.2 Wideband Signals 3636.8 Bit Error Rate Prediction for Wireless Standards 3646.8.1 IEEE 802.16-d Standard 3656.8.2 IEEE 802.11-a Standard 3716.8.3 Third Generation WCDMA Standard 3726.9 Enhancement of Performance Using Diversity Gain 3766.9.1 Diversity Combining Methods 3776.9.2 Diversity Gain Prediction of Rayleigh Fading Channels from Measurements in a Reverberation Chamber 382References 383Appendix 1 385A. 1 Probability Distribution Functions 385A. 2 The Gaussian (Normal) Distribution 385A. 3 The Rayleigh Distribution 387A. 4 The Rician Distribution 388A. 5 The Nakagami m-Distribution 389A. 6 The Weibull Distribution 390A. 7 The Log-Normal Distribution 390A. 8 The Suzuki Distribution 391A. 9 The Chi-Square Distribution 391References 391Appendix 2 393Index 395