The Voter's Dilemma and Democratic Accountability

Why do some democracies adopt effective development policies while others remain mired in stagnation or suffer cyclic crises? Previous studies have emphasized poverty or institutional weakness, but weak accountability and development failure are not limited to low-income countries or to any specific institutional choices. A better explanation, Mona Lyne argues, is provided by her theory of the voters dilemma: where structural conditions render quid pro quo, or clientelistic, politics viable on a national scale, voters have insufficient incentive to support politicians promising national public goods policies. Under these conditions, Lyne argues, electoral accountability falls prey to the same n-person prisoners dilemma that plagues any other large-scale decentralized attempt to procure collective goods. The theory is tested through an examination of four prominent cases. A comparison of postwar Brazil and pre-Chvez Venezuela shows that clientelism debilitated both countries postwar development programs, despite Venezuelas historically strong institutions and abundant oil revenues. Two comparisonsone between contemporary Brazil and pre-Chvez Venezuela, and another between postwar and contemporary Brazilhighlight factors that reduce the risks of rejecting clientelism as providing the best account of contemporary Brazils success. Finally, a comparison of pre-Chvez and contemporary Venezuela explains the continuity in flawed institutional and policy choices as a result of continuity in clientelistic politics driven by the voters dilemma.